Mechlorethamine (topical)

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Mechlorethamine (topical)
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aparna Vuppala, M.B.B.S. [2]

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Overview

Mechlorethamine (topical) is an nitrogen mustard that is FDA approved for the treatment of stage IA and IB mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in patients who have received prior skin-directed therapy. Common adverse reactions include dermatitis, pruritus, bacterial infection of skin.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Dosage
  • For Topical Dermatological Use Only
  • Apply a thin film of mechlorethamine gel once daily to affected areas of the skin.
  • Stop treatment with mechlorethamine for any grade of skin ulceration, blistering, or moderately-severe or severe dermatitis (i.e., marked skin redness with edema) . Upon improvement, treatment with mechlorethamine can be restarted at a reduced frequency of once every 3 days. If reintroduction of treatment is tolerated for at least one week, the frequency of application can be increased to every other day for at least one week and then to once daily application if tolerated.
Application Instructions
  • Mechlorethamine is a cytotoxic drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures.
  • Patients must wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling or applying mechlorethamine .
  • Caregivers must wear disposable nitrile gloves when applying mechlorethamine to patients and wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after removal of gloves. If there is accidental skin exposure to mechlorethamine , caregivers must immediately wash exposed areas thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15 minutes and remove contaminated clothing.
  • Patients or caregivers should follow these instructions when applying mechlorethamine :
  • Apply immediately or within 30 minutes after removal from the refrigerator. Return mechlorethamine to the refrigerator immediately after each use.
  • Apply to completely dry skin at least 4 hours before or 30 minutes after showering or washing. Allow treated areas to dry for 5 to 10 minutes after application before covering with clothing.
  • Emollients (moisturizers) may be applied to the treated areas 2 hours before or 2 hours after application.
  • Do not use occlusive dressings on areas of the skin where mechlorethamine was applied.
  • Avoid fire, flame, and smoking until mechlorethamine has dried

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

  • The use of mechlorethamine is contraindicated in patients with known severe hypersensitivity to mechlorethamine. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have occurred with topical formulations of mechlorethamine.

Warnings

  • Mucosal or Eye Injury
  • Exposure of the eyes to mechlorethamine causes pain, burns, inflammation, photophobia, and blurred vision. Blindness and severe irreversible anterior eye injury may occur. Advise patients that if eye exposure occurs, (1) immediately irrigate for at least 15 minutes with copious amounts of water, normal saline, or a balanced salt ophthalmic irrigating solution and (2) obtain immediate medical care (including ophthalmologic consultation).
  • Exposure of mucous membranes such as the oral mucosa or nasal mucosa causes pain, redness, and ulceration, which may be severe. Should mucosal contact occur, immediately irrigate for at least 15 minutes with copious amounts of water, followed by immediate medical consultation.
  • Secondary Exposure to mechlorethamine
  • Avoid direct skin contact with mechlorethamine in individuals other than the patient. Risks of secondary exposure include dermatitis, mucosal injury, and secondary cancers. Follow recommended application instructions to prevent secondary exposure .
  • Dermatitis
  • The most common adverse reaction was dermatitis, which occurred in 56% of the patients . Dermatitis was moderately severe or severe in 23% of patients. Monitor patients for redness, swelling, inflammation, itchiness, blisters, ulceration, and secondary skin infections. The face, genitalia, anus, and intertriginous skin are at increased risk of dermatitis. Follow dose modification instructions for dermatitis .
  • Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
  • Four percent (4%, 11/255) of patients developed a non-melanoma skin cancer during the clinical trial or during one year of post-treatment follow-up: 2% (3/128) of patients receiving mechlorethamine , and 6% (8/127) of patients receiving the mechlorethamine ointment comparator. Some of these non-melanoma skin cancers occurred in patients who had received prior therapies known to cause non-melanoma skin cancer. Monitor patients for non-melanoma skin cancers during and after treatment with mechlorethamine . Non-melanoma skin cancer may occur on any area of the skin, including untreated areas.
  • Embryo-fetal Toxicity
  • Based on its mechanism of action, case reports in humans, and findings in animals, mechlorethamine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are case reports of children born with malformations in pregnant women systemically administered mechlorethamine. Mechlorethamine was teratogenic and embryo-lethal after a single subcutaneous administration to animals. Advise women to avoid becoming pregnant while using mechlorethamine . If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus .
  • Flammable Gel
  • Alcohol-based products, including mechlorethamine , are flammable. Follow recommended application instructions

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the prescribing information:
  • Mucosal or eye injury
  • Secondary exposure to mechlorethamine
  • Dermatitis
  • Non-melanoma skin cancer
  • Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
  • Clinical Trials Experience
  • In a randomized, observer-blinded, controlled trial, mechlorethamine 0.016% (equivalent to 0.02% mechlorethamine HCl) was compared to an Aquaphor®-based mechlorethamine HCl 0.02% ointment (Comparator) . The maximum duration of treatment was 12 months. Sixty-three percent (63%) of patients in the mechlorethamine arm and 67% in the comparator arm completed 12 months of treatment.
  • The body system associated with the most frequent adverse reactions was skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. The most common adverse reactions (occurring in at least 5% of the patients) are shown in TABLE 1.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • In the clinical trial, moderately-severe to severe skin-related adverse events were managed with treatment reduction, suspension, or discontinuation. Discontinuations due to adverse reactions occurred in 22% of patients treated with mechlorethamine and 18% of patients treated with the comparator. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of the discontinuations for adverse reactions occurred within the first 90 days of treatment. Temporary treatment suspension occurred in 34% of patients treated with mechlorethamine and 20% of patients treated with the comparator. Reductions in dosing frequency occurred in 23% of patients treated with mechlorethamine and 12% of patients treated with the comparator.
  • Reductions in hemoglobin, neutrophil count, or platelet count occurred in 13% of patients treated with mechlorethamine and 17% treated with Comparator.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Mechlorethamine (topical) in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

  • No drug interaction studies have been performed with mechlorethamine . Systemic exposure has not been observed with topical administration of mechlorethamine ; therefore, systemic drug interactions are not likely.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): D

  • Risk Summary
  • Mechlorethamine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are case reports of children born with malformations in pregnant women systemically administered mechlorethamine. Mechlorethamine was teratogenic in animals after a single subcutaneous administration. If this drug is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus .
  • Animal Data
  • Mechlorethamine caused fetal malformations in the rat and ferret when given as single subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/kg. Other findings in animals included embryolethality and growth retardation when administered as a single subcutaneous injection.


Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Mechlorethamine (topical) in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Mechlorethamine (topical) during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • It is not known if mechlorethamine is excreted in human milk. Due to the potential for topical or systemic exposure to mechlorethamine through exposure to the mother's skin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

  • Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatic Use

  • A total of 79 patients age 65 and older (31% of the clinical trial population) were treated with either mechlorethamine or the comparator in the clinical trial. Forty-four percent (44%) of patients age 65 or older treated with mechlorethamine achieved a CAILS response compared to 66% of patients below the age of 65. Seventy percent (70%) of patients age 65 and older experienced cutaneous adverse reactions and 38% discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions, compared to 58% and 14% in patients below the age of 65, respectively. Similar differences in discontinuation rates between age subgroups were observed in the comparator group.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Mechlorethamine (topical) with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Mechlorethamine (topical) with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Mechlorethamine (topical) in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Topical

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Mechlorethamine (topical) in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Mechlorethamine (topical) in the drug label.

Overdosage

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Mechlorethamine (topical) in the drug label.

Pharmacology

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Template:Chembox header2 | Mechlorethamine (topical)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
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KEGG
MeSH Mechlorethamine
UNII
Properties
C5H11Cl2N
Molar mass 156.05 g·mol−1
Related compounds
Template:Chembox header2 | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Mechanism of Action

Structure

  • mechlorethamine is a topical product that contains mechlorethamine HCl, an alkylating drug. Mechlorethamine HCl is a white to off white solid that is very soluble in water and methanol, partially soluble in acetone, and generally not soluble in organic solvents.
  • Mechlorethamine HCl is designated chemically as 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylethanamine hydrochloride. The molecular weight is 192.52 and the melting point is 108-111°C. The empirical formula is C5H11Cl2N•HCl, and the structural formula is: CH3N(CH2CH2Cl)2•HCl.
  • Each tube of mechlorethamine contains 60g of a gel containing 0.016% w/w of mechlorethamine (equivalent to 0.02% mechlorethamine HCl) in a base of the following inactive ingredients: diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerin, lactic acid, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium chloride, menthol, edetate disodium, butylated hydroxytoluene.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Mechlorethamine (topical) in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Systemic exposure was undetectable after topical administration of mechlorethamine to patients. Blood samples were analyzed from 16 and 15 patients following treatment with mechlorethamine (mechlorethamine gel 0.016%) and an identical formulation consisting of mechlorethamine 0.032% w/w, respectively. For patients who received mechlorethamine 0.016%, samples were collected to measure mechlorethamine concentrations prior to dosing, on day 1, and at the first month visit. Following the topical administration of mechlorethamine 0.016%, there were no detectable plasma mechlorethamine concentrations observed in any of the patients. Patients who received mechlorethamine 0.032% had no measurable concentrations of mechlorethamine or half-mustard after 2, 4, or 6 months of treatment.

Nonclinical Toxicology

  • Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
  • Mechlorethamine is a probable carcinogen in humans. There are reports of non-melanoma skin cancer with the use of topical mechlorethamine in patients . Mechlorethamine was carcinogenic in mice when injected intravenously with four doses of 2.4 mg/kg (0.1% solution) at 2-week intervals with observations for up to 2 years. An increased incidence of thymic lymphomas and pulmonary adenomas was observed. Painting mechlorethamine on the skin of mice at a dose of 4 mg/kg for periods of up to 33 weeks resulted in squamous cell tumors in 9 of 33 mice.
  • Mechlorethamine was genotoxic in multiple genetic toxicology studies, which included mutations in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. Dominant lethal mutations were produced in ICR/Ha Swiss mice.
  • The reproductive effects of mechlorethamine have not been studied; however, published literature indicates that fertility may be impaired by systemically administered mechlorethamine. Mechlorethamine impaired fertility in the rat at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg intravenously for two weeks. Treatment with intravenous mechlorethamine has been associated with delayed catamenia, oligomenorrhea, and temporary or permanent amenorrhea.
  • Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
  • Animal studies have shown mechlorethamine to be corrosive to skin and eyes, a powerful vesicant, irritating to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, and highly toxic by the oral route.

Clinical Studies

  • The efficacy of mechlorethamine was assessed in a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, active-controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial of 260 patients with Stage IA, IB, and IIA mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (MF-CTCL) who had received at least one prior skin-directed therapy. Qualifying prior therapies included topical corticosteroids, phototherapy, Targretin® gel, and topical nitrogen mustard. Patients were not required to be refractory to or intolerant of prior therapies.
  • Patients were stratified based on Stage (IA vs. IB and IIA) and then randomized to receive mechlorethamine 0.016% (equivalent to 0.02% mechlorethamine HCl) or Aquaphor®-based mechlorethamine HCl 0.02% ointment (Comparator) at 13 centers in the United States. Eighteen patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis due to protocol violations involving randomization at a single site.
  • Study drug was to be applied topically on a daily basis for 12 months. Concomitant use of topical corticosteroids was not permitted during the study. Dosing could be suspended or continued with reduced frequency for dermatitis. The mean daily usage of mechlorethamine gel was 2.8 g (1 to 2 tubes per month). The maximum daily usage was 10.5 g (5 to 6 tubes per month).
  • Patients were evaluated for a response on a monthly basis for the first 6 months and then every 2 months for the last 6 months using the Composite Assessment of Index Lesion Severity (CAILS) score. The CAILS score is obtained by adding the severity score of each of the following categories for up to 5 index lesions: erythema, scaling, plaque elevation, and surface area. Severity was graded from 0 (none) to 8 (severe) for erythema and scaling; 0 to 3 for plaque elevation; and 0 to 9 for surface area. A response was defined as greater than or equal to 50% reduction in baseline CAILS score which was confirmed at the next visit at least 4 weeks later. A complete response was defined as a confirmed CAILS score of 0. Non-inferiority was considered to have been demonstrated if the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) around the ratio of response rates (mechlorethamine /Comparator) was greater than or equal to 0.75.
  • Patients were also evaluated using the Severity Weighted Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT score is derived by measuring each involved area as a percentage of total body surface area (%BSA) and multiplying it by a severity weighting factor (1=patch, 2=plaque, 3=tumor or ulcer). A response was defined as greater than or equal to 50% reduction in baseline SWAT score which was confirmed at the next visit at least 4 weeks later.
  • The baseline demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 57 years in the mechlorethamine arm and 58 years in the comparator arm. The majority of the patients were male (60% in mechlorethamine arm, 59% in Comparator arm) and white (75% in both treatment arms). The median number of prior therapies was 2 in both treatment arms. The most common prior therapy was topical corticosteroids (used in 86% of patients in both treatment arms). The median body surface area (BSA) involvement at baseline was 8.5% (range 1%, 61%) in the mechlorethamine arm and 9% (range 1%, 76%) in the comparator arm.
  • Sixty percent (60%) of the patients on the mechlorethamine arm and 48% of patients on the comparator arm achieved a response based on the CAILS score. mechlorethamine was non-inferior to the comparator based on a CAILS overall response rate ratio of 1.24 (95% CI 0.98, 1.58). Complete responses constituted a minority of the CAILS or SWAT overall responses (TABLE 2). The onset of CAILS overall response for both treatment arms showed a wide range from 1 to 11 months.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

How Supplied

  • mechlorethamine is supplied in 60g tubes of 0.016% w/w mechlorethamine as a clear gel [NDC 66215-016-60].
  • Prior to dispensing, store in the freezer at -13°F to 5°F (-25°C to -15°C). Advise patients that refrigerated storage is required once dispensed.
  • mechlorethamine is a cytotoxic drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures.1

Storage

There is limited information regarding Mechlorethamine (topical) Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

  • Advise patients of the following and provide a copy of the Medication Guide.
  • Instructions for Patients and Caregivers for Application of mechlorethamine :
  • Apply a thin film of mechlorethamine once daily to affected areas of the skin .
  • Patients must wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling or applying mechlorethamine . Caregivers must wear disposable nitrile gloves when applying mechlorethamine to patients and wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after removal of gloves. If there is accidental skin exposure to mechlorethamine , caregivers must immediately wash exposed areas thoroughly with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing .
  • Patients and caregivers should follow these instructions when applying mechlorethamine  :
  • Apply immediately or within 30 minutes after removal from the refrigerator. Return mechlorethamine to the refrigerator immediately after each use.
  • Apply mechlorethamine to completely dry skin at least 4 hours before or 30 minutes after showering or washing. Allow treated areas to dry for 5 to 10 minutes after application before covering with clothing.
  • Emollients (moisturizers) may be applied to the treated areas 2 hours before or 2 hours after application of mechlorethamine .
  • Occlusive (air or water-tight) dressings should not be used on areas of the skin where mechlorethamine was applied.
  • Instructions for Patients and Caregivers for Storage of mechlorethamine
  • Store mechlorethamine refrigerated at temperatures between 36°F - 46°F (2°C - 8°C). Advise patients that adherence to the recommended storage condition will ensure mechlorethamine will work as expected. Patients should consult a pharmacist prior to using mechlorethamine that has been left at room temperature for longer than one hour per day. Unused product should be discarded after 60 days .
  • With clean hands, replace tube in the original box, then place in the refrigerator. Keep mechlorethamine in its original box out of the reach of children and avoid contact with food when storing in the refrigerator.
  • Unused mechlorethamine , empty tubes, and used application gloves should be discarded in household trash in a manner that prevents accidental application or ingestion by others, including children and pets.
  • Mucosal or Eye Injury
  • Exposure of the eyes to mechlorethamine causes pain, burns, inflammation, photophobia, and blurred vision. Blindness and severe irreversible eye injury may occur. Should eye contact occur, immediately irrigate for at least 15 minutes with copious amounts of water, normal saline, or a balanced salt ophthalmic irrigating solution, followed by immediate ophthalmologic consultation .
  • Exposure of mucous membranes such as the oral mucosa or nasal mucosa causes pain, redness, and ulceration, which may be severe. Should mucosal contact occur, immediately irrigate for at least 15 minutes with copious amounts of water, followed by immediate medical consultation .
  • Secondary Exposure to mechlorethamine
  • Avoid direct skin contact with mechlorethamine in individuals other than the patient. Risks of secondary exposure include dermatitis, mucosal injury, and secondary cancers. Caregivers who help apply mechlorethamine to patients must wear disposable nitrile gloves when handling mechlorethamine . If secondary exposure occurs to eyes, mouth, or nose, immediately irrigate the exposed area for at least 15 minutes with copious amounts of water. Thoroughly wash affected areas of the skin with soap and water .
  • Dermatitis
  • If patients experience skin irritation after applying mechlorethamine , such as redness, swelling, inflammation, itchiness, blisters, ulceration, or secondary skin infections, instruct patients to discuss with their physician options for changes in the treatment plan. The face, genitalia, anus, or intertriginous skin (skin folds or creases) are at increased risk of skin irritation .
  • Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers
  • Instruct patients to notify their physician of any new skin lesions and to undergo periodic assessment for signs and symptoms of skin cancer. Non-melanoma skin cancers have been reported in patients receiving the active ingredient in mechlorethamine . Non-melanoma skin cancer may occur at multiple areas, including areas not directly treated with mechlorethamine
  • Embryo-fetal Toxicity
  • Advise women of the potential hazard to a fetus and to avoid pregnancy while using mechlorethamine .
  • Nursing Mothers
  • Advise women to discontinue nursing due to the potential for topical or systemic exposure to mechlorethamine

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Mechlorethamine (topical) interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Mechlorethamine (topical) Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Mechlorethamine (topical) Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.


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