Horseshoe kidney classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Horseshoe kidney may be classified into three groups based on: Morphological appearance of fusion, site of the fusion, ans vascular supply or angiographic appearance of the vessels.
Classification
Classification according to the morphological appearance:
According to the morphological appearance of fusion and gross pathology, horseshoe kidney is classified into three types:[1]
- 'U' Shaped, when the lower poles of symmetrically placed kidneys on either sides of vertebral column, fuse together.
- Inverted 'U' shaped when upper poles of symmetrically placed kidneys on either sides of vertebral column, fuse together.
- 'L' Shaped when one asymmetrical vertically placed kidney fuse with another asymmetrical horizontally placed kidney leading to 'L' shape.
Classification according to the site of fusion:
Horseshoe kidney can also be be classified into two groups, based on the site of fusion:[2][3]
- Symmetrical (mid line fusion)
- Asymmetrical (lateral fusion)
Classification according to the vascular supply:
Graves described 6 basic patterns of arterial supply in horseshoe kidney, by means of resin cast:[4][5]
- Type 1: Pattern of blood supply may be similar to that of normal kidney with single artery supplying upper, middle and lower segments.
- Type 2: Upper and middle segments of each kidney may be supplied by a single artery, with a vessel from aorta entering each lower segment.
- Type 3: Sometime the arteries to lower segment arise from aorta by a common trunk.
- Type 4: All three segments are supplied by separate arteries arising from aorta.
- Type 5: The fused segment (isthmus) may also be supplied by arteries which arise above or below the isthmus, these may be unilateral or bilateral and may originate from the aorta independently or by a common trunk.
- Type 6: Finally the fused lower segment may be supplied on one or both sides by branch originating from the common iliac or rarely from hypogastric (internal iliac) or median sacral artery.
References
- ↑ Natsis K, Piagkou M, Skotsimara A, Protogerou V, Tsitouridis I, Skandalakis P (2014). "Horseshoe kidney: a review of anatomy and pathology". Surg Radiol Anat. 36 (6): 517–26. doi:10.1007/s00276-013-1229-7. PMID 24178305.
- ↑ Cook WA, Stephens FD (1977). "Fused kidneys: morphologic study and theory of embryogenesis". Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 13 (5): 327–40. PMID 588702.
- ↑ Papin E, Eisendrath DN (1927). "CLASSIFICATION OF RENAL AND URETERAL ANOMALIES". Ann Surg. 85 (5): 735–56. PMC 1399333. PMID 17865673.
- ↑ V, Sharma; C.S, Ramesh Babu; O.P, Gupta (2015). "HORSESHOE KIDNEY: A MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY STUDY". International Journal of Anatomy and Research. 3 (2): 1049–1055. doi:10.16965/ijar.2015.156. ISSN 2321-8967.
- ↑ Yoshinaga K, Kodama K, Tanii I, Toshimori K (2002). "Morphological study of a horseshoe kidney with special reference to the vascular system". Anat Sci Int. 77 (2): 134–9. doi:10.1046/j.0022-7722.2002.00016.x. PMID 12418094.