Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Image:G3P-3D-balls.png
IUPAC name	(2-hydroxy-3-oxo-propoxy)phosphonic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	142-10-9
PubChem	729
MeSH	Glyceraldehyde+3-Phosphate
SMILES	C(C(C=O)O)OP(=O)(O)O
Properties
Molecular formula	C3H7O6P
Molar mass	170.058
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP or PGAL, is a chemical compound that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms. It is a phosphate ester of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde and has chemical formula C₃H₇O₆P.

The CAS number of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is 142-10-9 and that of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (one of the two optical isomers of the compound and the one most often occurring in living organisms) is 591-57-1.

An intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Formation

D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from the following three compounds in reversible reactions:

• Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP), catalyzed by aldolase.

β-D-fructose 1,6-phosphate	fructose bisphosphate aldolase		D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate		dihydroxyacetone phosphate
				+
	fructose bisphosphate aldolase

The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.

• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate	triose phosphate isomerase		D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
	triose phosphate isomerase

• 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

As a substrate

• To produce 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate in glycolysis.

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase		D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate
	NAD+ + Pi	NADH + H+
	NAD+ + Pi	NADH + H+

D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is also of some importance since this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic pathways. Furthermore, it is a participant in and a product of the pentose phosphate pathway.

An intermediate in photosynthesis

During plant photosynthesis, two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) are produced by the first step of the light-independent reactions when ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and carbon dioxide are catalysed by the rubisco enzyme. The GP is converted to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate using the energy in ATP and the reducing power of NADPH as part of the Calvin cycle. This returns ADP, phosphate ions Pi, and NADP+ to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis for their continued functioning. RuBP is regenerated for the Calvin cycle to continue.

G3P is generally considered the prime end-product of photosynthesis and it can be used as an immediate food nutrient, combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide sugars, such as glucose, which can be transported to other cells, or packaged for storage as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch.

Balance sheet

6 CO₂ + 6 RuBP (+ energy from 12 ATP and 12 NADPH) → 12 G3P (3-carbon)

10 G3P (+ energy from 6 ATP) → 6 RuBP (ie starting material regenerated)

2 G3P → glucose (6-carbon).

In tryptophan biosynthesis

Glyceradehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a byproduct in the biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan, an essential amino acid that cannot be produced by the human body.

In thiamine biosynthesis

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a reactant in the biosynthesis pathway of thiamine (Vitamin B₁), another substance that cannot be produced by the human body.

See also

External links

• D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and the reactions and pathways it participates in, from the KEGG PATHWAY Database
• Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and the reactions and pathways it participates in, from the KEGG PATHWAY Databaseit:Gliceraldeide-3-fosfatoTemplate:Metabolic pathway stub

Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .