Fasciolosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Geographic Distribution
Human and animal fasciolosis occurs worldwide.[1] While animal fasciolosis is distributed in countries with high cattle and sheep production, human fasciolosis occurs, excepting Western Europe, in developing countries. Fasciolosis occurs only in areas where suitable conditions for intermediate hosts exist.
Human fasciolosis
Studies carried out in recent years have shown human fasciolosis to be an important public health problem.[2] Human fasciolosis has been reported from countries in Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. The incidence of human cases has been increasing in 51 countries of the five continents.[3][4] A global analysis shows that the expected correlation between animal and human fasciolosis only appears at a basic level. High prevalences in humans are not necessarily found in areas where fasciolosis is a great veterinary problem. For instance, in South America, hyperendemics and mesoendemics are found in Bolivia and Peru where the veterinary problem is less important, while in countries such as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, human fasciolosis is only sporadic or hypoendemic.[4]
Europe
In Europe, human fasciolosis occur mainly in France, Spain, Portugal, and the former USSR.[4] France is considered an important human endemic area. A total of 5863 cases of human fasciolosis were recorded from nine French hospitals from 1970 to 1982.[5] Concerning the former Soviet Union, almost all reported cases were from the Tajik Republic.[4] Several papers referred to human fasciolosis in Turkey.[6] Recently, serological survey of human fasciolosis was performed in some parts of Turkey. The prevalence of the disease was serologically found to be 3.01% in Antalya Province, and between 0.9 and 6.1% in Isparta Province, Mediterranean region of Turkey.[7] In other European countries, fasciolosis is sporadic and the occurrence of the disease is usually combined with travelling to endemic areas.
Americas
In North America, the disease is very sporadic. In Mexico, 53 cases have been reported. In Central America, fasciolosis is a human health problem in the Caribbean Islands, especially in zones of Puerto Rico and Cuba. Pinar del Rio Province and Villa Clara Province are Cuban regions where fasciolosis was hyperendemic. In South America, human fasciolosis is a serious problem in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. These Andean countries are considered to be the area with the highest prevalence of human fasciolosis in the world. Well-known human hyperendemic areas are localized predominately in the high plain called Altiplano. In the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, prevalences detected in some communities were up to 72% and 100% in coprological and serological surveys, respectively.[3] In Peru, F. hepatica in humans occurs throughout the country. The highest prevalences were reported in Arequipa, Mantaro Valley, Cajamarca Valley, and Puno Region.[8] In other South American countries like Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia, human fasciolosis appear to be sporadic, despite the high prevalences of fasciolosis in cattle.
Africa
In Africa, human cases of fasciolosis, except in northern parts, have not been frequently reported. The highest prevalence was recorded in Egypt where the disease is distributed in communities living in the Nile Delta.[8]
Asia
In Asia, the most human cases were reported in Iran, especially in Gīlān Province, on the Caspian Sea. It was mentioned that more than 10,000 human cases were detected in Iran. In eastern Asia, human fasciolosis appears to be sporadic. Few cases were documented in Japan, Koreas, Vietnam, and Thailand.[3]
Australia and the Oceania
In Australia, human fasciolosis is very rare (only 12 cases documented). In New Zealand, F. hepatica has never been detected in humans.[3]
Animal fasciolosis
Countries where fasciolosis in livestock was repeatedly reported:
- Europe: UK, Ireland, France, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, Germany, Poland
- Asia: Russia, Thailand, Iraq, Iran, China, Vietnam, India, Nepal, Japan, Korea, Philippines
- Africa: Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Egypt, Gambia, Morocco
- Australia and the Oceania: Australia, New Zealand
- Americas:United States, Mexico, Cuba, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Jamaica, Brazil
On Sepember 8, 2007, Veterinary officials in South Cotabato, Philippines said that laboratory tests on samples from cows, carabaos, and horses in the province's 10 towns and lone city showed the level of infection at 89.5%, a sudden increase of positive cases among large livestock due to the erratic weather condition in the area. They mus be treated forthwih to prevent complications with Surra and Hemorrhagic Septicemia diseases. Surra already affected all barangays of the Surallah town.[9]
References
- ↑
- ↑ Chen, M.G., Mott, K.E., 1990. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection: a review of recent literature. Trop. Dis. Bull. 87, R1–R38.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M.D., Esteban, J.G., 1999. Human fasciolosis. In: Dalton, J.P. (Ed.), Fasciolosis. CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 411–434.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Esteban, J.G., Bargues, M.D., Mas-Coma, S., 1998. Geographical distribution, diagnosis and treatment of human fascioliasis: a review. Res. Rev. Parasitol. 58, 13–42.
- ↑ Danis, M., Nozais, J.P., Chandenier, J., 1985. La distomatose à Fasciola hepatica, II: La fasciolose humaine en France. Action Vet. 907.
- ↑ Yilmaz, H., Gödekmerdan, A., 2004. Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey. Acta Trop. 92, 161–162.
- ↑ Demirci, M., 2003. Insanlarda epidemiyoloji. In: Tinar, R., Korkmaz, M. (Eds.), Fasciolosis. Türkiye Parazitoloji Derněgi, META Basim, Izmir, pp. 343–358 (in Turkish).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1
- ↑ GMA NEWS.TV, Rise in animal liver fluke cases alarms South Cotabato