Cholesterol absorption inhibitor

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are a class of compounds that prevents the uptake of cholesterol from the small intestine into the circulatory system.

How They Work

There are two sources of cholesterol in the upper intestine: dietary (from food) and biliary (from bile). Dietary cholesterol, in the form of lipid emulsions, combines with bile salts, to form bile salt micelles from which cholesterol can then be absorbed by the intestinal enterocyte.

Once absorbed by the enterocyte, cholesterol is reassembled into large intestinal lipoproteins called chylomicrons. These chylomicrons are then secreted into the lymphatics and circulated to the liver. These cholesterol particles are then secreted by the liver into the blood as VLDL particles, precursors to LDL.

As a class, cholesterol absorption inhibitors block the uptake of micellar cholesterol, thereby reducing the incorporation of cholesteryl esters into chylomicron particles. By reducing the cholesterol content in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants, cholesterol absorption inhibitors effectively reduce the amount of cholesterol that is delivered back to the liver.

The reduced delivery of cholesterol to the liver increases hepatic LDL receptor activity and thereby increases clearance of circulating LDL. The net result is a reduction in circulating LDL particles.

Importance

Managing cholesterol at the site of absorption is an increasingly popular strategy in the war on hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are known to have a powerful synergistic effect when combined a class of anti-hyperlipidemics called statins.

Even small reductions in cholesterol absorption have been found to dramatically reduce the statin dosage that is required to achieve an overall serum cholesterol target. For statin-resistant or statin-sensitive populations that are characterized by low one-year compliance rates, such a combination therapy is proving to be especially effective.

Partially due to the challenges of statin dose toxicity, cholesterol absorption inhibitors have emerged as a new class of anti-hyperlipidemics that are very effective strategy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.