Allotransplantation
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Overview
Allotransplantation (allo- from the Greek meaning "other") is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs, sourced from a genetically non-identical member of the same species as the recipient.[1]. The transplant is called an allograft or allogeneic transplant or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
In contrast, a transplant from another species is called a xenograft. A transplanted organ or tissue from a genetically identical donor, i.e., an identical twin, is termed an isograft. Finally, when a tissue is transplanted from one site to another on the same patient, it is termed an autograft.
When a host mounts an immune response against an allograft or xenograft, the process is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack against recipient, termed Graft-versus-host disease.
Examples
A variety of tissue and organs types can be used for allografts. These include:
- skin transplants
- corneal transplants
- heart transplants
- lung transplantation
- liver transplants
- kidney transplants
- bone marrow transplants
- bone allograft
- ligament or tendon allograft
Pregnancy
- Further information: Placenta#Functions
The fetus inside a mother may be viewed as an unusually successful allograft, since it genetically differs from the mother.[2]. In the same way, many cases of spontaneous abortion may be described in the same way as maternal transplant rejection.[2]
For this purpose, the placenta functions as a barrier, and uses several mechanisms:
- It secretes Neurokinin B containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host.[3]
- Also, there is presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the response to interleukin 2.[2]
However, the placental barrier is not the sole means to evade the immune system, as foreign fetal cells also persist in the maternal circulation, on the other side of the placental barrier.[4]
If the mechanisms of rejection-immunity of the fetus could be elucidated, it could avail for xenopregnancy, having, for example pigs carry human fetuses to term as an alternative to a human surrogate mother, providing a sober, drug-free and nonsmoking carrier.[5]
See also
References
- ↑ Surgery For ACL Tears
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Clark DA, Chaput A, Tutton D (March 1986). "Active suppression of host-vs-graft reaction in pregnant mice. VII. Spontaneous abortion of allogeneic CBA/J x DBA/2 fetuses in the uterus of CBA/J mice correlates with deficient non-T suppressor cell activity". J. Immunol. 136 (5): 1668–75. PMID 2936806.
- ↑ Placenta 'fools body's defences'. BBC News (2007-11-10).
- ↑ Williams Z, Zepf D, Longtine J, et al. (March 2008). "Foreign fetal cells persist in the maternal circulation". Fertil. Steril.. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.008. PMID 18384774.
- ↑ Darwin's children LeVay, Simon. (1997, October 14). from The Free Library. (1997). Retrieved March 06, 2009
Organ transplantation | |
|---|---|
| Types | Allograft · Alloplant · Allotransplantation · Autotransplantation · Xenotransplantation |
| Organs and tissues | Bone · Bone marrow · Corneal · Face · Hand · Heart · Heart-lung · Kidney · Liver · Lung · Pancreas · Penis · Skin · Spleen · Uterus |
| Related topics | Biomedical tissue · Cellular memory · Edmonton protocol · Eye bank · Graft-versus-host disease · Immunosuppressive drugs · Islet cell transplantation · Implants · Living donor liver transplantation · Lung allocation score · Machine perfusion · Medical grafting · Non-heart beating donation · Organ donation · Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder · Repugnant market · Total body irradiation · Transplant rejection |
| Organizations | Halachic Organ Donor Society · Human Tissue Authority · National Marrow Donor Program · United Network for Organ Sharing |
| People | Christiaan Barnard · Michael Woodruff · Alexis Carrel · Norman Shumway · Jean-Michel Dubernard · List of notable organ transplant donors and recipients |
de:Allotransplantationhe:אלוגרפט lt:Alogeninė kaulų čiulpų transplantacija
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
