Zika virus infection epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.; Serge Korjian M.D.
Overview
In 2015, Zika virus infection outbreaks rose dramatically, particularly in Brazil as observed by the manifestation of a correlated complication, microcephaly, in infants born to mothers with Zika virus infection, an incidence of approximately 100 per 100,000 infants. The majority of Zika virus infection cases are reported in South Africa and Tropical Asia. As of 2014, Zika Virus infection outbreaks have also become more common in South America. Cases reported in other regions of the world are attributed to travel from areas with outbreaks. Zika virus infection affects all age groups, with newborn infants particularly vulnerable due to risk of transmission from the mothers upon birth.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- As only 1 in 5 people with Zika virus becomes symptomatic, and given that the symptoms are generally mild, it is hard to establish a clear incidence of the infection.
- The incidence of Zika virus infection is often correlated to the one of its associated complications: microcephaly
- Based on this method, the incidence of Zika virus infection in increasing.
- As of November 2015, it is estimated that 99.7/100,000 live births of infants displaying microcephaly could be attributed to Zika virus.
- This is a twentyfold increase from 2010's report of 5.7/100,000 cases.[1]
Age
- Zika virus infection is seen across all age groups, with cases reported in infants, adolescents, and adults.[2][1]
Gender
- Men and women are equally affected by Zika virus infection.
Developed Countries
- While Zika virus infection outbreaks have not been reported in developed countries, cases have been reported in travelers returning from affected countries.[3]
Developing Countries
- Before 2007, Zika virus infection outbreaks reports were limited to Tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. However, an outbreak on Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia in 2007 was the first of several cases reported on Pacific islands and archipelagos outside of Africa and Asia.[4]
- Zika virus infection outbreaks have been reported in Mexico and South America[4]. The first South American outbreak was reported originating in Easter Island, Chile, in 2014. Additional Countries in South and Central America with Zika virus outbreaks include:[1]
- Barbados
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- French Guiana
- Guadeloupe
- Guatemala
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Martinique
- Mexico
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Puerto Rico
- Saint Martin
- Suriname
- Venezuela
- Brazil has reported 3 deaths from Zika virus infection, as of December 2015.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Epidemiological Alert: Neurological Syndromes, Congenital Malformations, and Zika Virus Infection. Implications for Public Health in the Americas". Pan American Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
- ↑ "Zika Virus: Geographical Distribution". CIDRAP Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. University of Minnesota. December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Schnirring, Lisa (December 11, 2015). "PAHO Issues Zika Virus Alert". CDC.Gov. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Zika Virus Infection Factsheet for Health Professionals". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. November 11, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.