Ventricular septal defect epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [[2]]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [[4]]

Overview

The several known risk factors for VSD, including a family history of congenital heart disease and exposure to certain drugs, infectious agents, and maternal metabolic disturbances, explain few cases. Incidence rates are similar in different races and seasons and are unrelated to maternal age, birth order, sex, and socioeconomic status. Congential VSDs are frequently associated with other congential conditions, such as Down syndrome.

Epidemiology and Demographics of Different Types of Ventricular Septal Defects

• The ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital cardiac malformation with an incidence of 3 to 3.5 per 1,000 live births, corresponding to 30% of all newborns with a congenital heart defect. There is no predilection based on sex.Commonest congenital heart defect

Pediatrics

• The incidence has been found to be approximately 3 to 3.5 infants per 1000 live births. Because there is a high incidence of spontaneous closure of small VSDs, the incidence is much less in older infants and particularly in adults.

Adults

The prevalence of ventricular septal defects in adults is less compared to the infants. This might be due to the fact that many small ventricular septal defects have spontaneous closure in childhood. Due to the improvement in early diagnosis in childhood and improved medical, surgical and ICU care, the number of adults will continue to rise. However, despite improved survival to adulthood, many patients will continue to have problems with residual shunts, valvular heart disease, ventricular dysfunction, heart failure and arrhythmias. The risk of sudden death in adults with congenital heart disease is nearly 25-50 times greater than would be expected for their age. In adults, a VSD can form a few days after a myocardial infarction (heart attack) due to mechanical tearing of the septal wall, before scar tissue forms, when macrophages start remodeling the dead (heart) tissue.

Incidence in United States of America

Only in the United States, there are approximately 1 million adults with congenital heart disease, with 20,000 new patients reaching adolescence each year.

Sex

There is no predilection based on sex.

Race

There is no significant difference in incidences of ventricular septal defects based on race.

References

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