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| __NOTOC__
| | {{Image|Noninferiority and equivalency randomized controlled trials.jpg|right|350px|Noninferiority and equivalency randomized controlled trials.}} |
| {{Cystitis}} | |
| {{SCC}} {{AE}} {{Maliha}}
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| | |
| ==Overview==
| |
| More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Some viruses, fungi and parasites can also rarely cause cystitis. Other causes of cystitis include certain medications, [[diabetes]], [[Crohn's disease]], iatrogenic causes, [[endometriosis]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[urinary obstruction]], [[bladder incontinence]], Bladder Catheterisation, Trauma, Contraceptives like spermicides, Immobility and Genetic predisposition.<ref name="pmid12113867">{{cite journal| author=Ronald A| title=The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 113 Suppl 1A | issue= | pages= 14S-19S | pmid=12113867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12113867 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11564026">{{cite journal| author=Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V| title=The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2001 | volume= 88 | issue= 4 | pages= 382-4 | pmid=11564026 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11564026 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11505545">{{cite journal| author=Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV| title=[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]. | journal=Urologiia | year= 2001 | volume= | issue= 3 | pages= 42-3 | pmid=11505545 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11505545 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Causes==
| |
| ===Common Causes===
| |
| Infections are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Pathogens causing cystitis include: <ref name="pmid12113867">{{cite journal| author=Ronald A| title=The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 113 Suppl 1A | issue= | pages= 14S-19S | pmid=12113867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12113867 }} </ref>
| |
| *Escherichia Coli
| |
| *Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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| *Klebsiella
| |
| *Enterobacter
| |
| *Proteus species
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| *Enterococci
| |
| | |
| ===Hemorrhagic Causes===
| |
| Hemorrhagic Cystitis can be caused by certain medications, procedures, radiation therapy and infections. <ref name="pmid510344">{{cite journal| author=Cox PJ| title=Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 15 | issue= 8 | pages= 1071-2 | pmid=510344 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=510344 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10864217">{{cite journal| author=Russo P| title=Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 284-98 | pmid=10864217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10864217 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27919130">{{cite journal| author=Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T| title=[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]. | journal=Hinyokika Kiyo | year= 2016 | volume= 62 | issue= 10 | pages= 545-548 | pmid=27919130 | doi=10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27919130 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| *[[cyclophosphamide]]
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| *[[ifosfamide]]
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| *[[radiation]] therapy
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| *[[Adenovirus]]
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| *Metabolites of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
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| | |
| ===Other Disease Causes===
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| The following syndromes can lead to Cystitis:<ref name="pmid21349389">{{cite journal| author=Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C et al.| title=[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | journal=Ann Pathol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 46-9 | pmid=21349389 | doi=10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349389 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3776980">{{cite journal| author=Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B| title=Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1986 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 977-85 | pmid=3776980 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3776980 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12113867">{{cite journal| author=Ronald A| title=The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 113 Suppl 1A | issue= | pages= 14S-19S | pmid=12113867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12113867 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| *[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
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| *[[Diabetes]]
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| *[[Pregnancy]]
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| *[[HIV]]
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| *[[Benign Prosthetic Hyperplasia]]
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| | |
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| The causes of Cystitis with rest to organ system can be classified as:<ref name="pmid9378923">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM, Stamm WE| title=Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 551-81 | pmid=9378923 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9378923 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22233286">{{cite journal| author=Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM| title=Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2012 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 1584-91 | pmid=22233286 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22233286 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15838790">{{cite journal| author=Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, Jensen JS, Hoffmann S, Lisse I et al.| title=Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 191 | issue= 10 | pages= 1639-47 | pmid=15838790 | doi=10.1086/429334 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15838790 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25602481">{{cite journal| author=Okazaki S, Hori J, Kita M, Yamaguchi S, Kawakami N, Kakizaki H| title=[A case of eosinophilic cystitis mimicking an invasive bladder cancer]. | journal=Hinyokika Kiyo | year= 2014 | volume= 60 | issue= 12 | pages= 635-9 | pmid=25602481 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25602481 }} </ref><ref name="pmid510344">{{cite journal| author=Cox PJ| title=Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 15 | issue= 8 | pages= 1071-2 | pmid=510344 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=510344 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10864217">{{cite journal| author=Russo P| title=Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 284-98 | pmid=10864217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10864217 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27919130">{{cite journal| author=Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T| title=[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]. | journal=Hinyokika Kiyo | year= 2016 | volume= 62 | issue= 10 | pages= 545-548 | pmid=27919130 | doi=10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27919130 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25004793">{{cite journal| author=Cunha BA, Lee P, Kaouris N, Raza M| title=The safety of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of nosocomial catheter-associated bacteriuria (CAB) and cystitis. | journal=J Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 122-3 | pmid=25004793 | doi=10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000202 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25004793 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16449153">{{cite journal| author=Teal SB, Craven WM| title=Inadvertent vesicular placement of a vaginal contraceptive ring presenting as persistent cystitis. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2006 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 Pt 2 | pages= 470-2 | pmid=16449153 | doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000164072.91339.9e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16449153 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11505545">{{cite journal| author=Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV| title=[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]. | journal=Urologiia | year= 2001 | volume= | issue= 3 | pages= 42-3 | pmid=11505545 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11505545 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24917712">{{cite journal| author=Grimsby GM, Tyson MD, Salevitz B, Smith ML, Castle EP| title=Bladder Outlet Obstruction Secondary to a Brunn's Cyst. | journal=Curr Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=24917712 | doi=10.1159/000338871 | pmc=3783323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24917712 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27806219">{{cite journal| author=Tzou KY, Chiang YT| title=Emphysematous Cystitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 375 | issue= 18 | pages= 1779 | pmid=27806219 | doi=10.1056/NEJMicm1509543 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27806219 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10433573">{{cite journal| author=Echols RM, Tosiello RL, Haverstock DC, Tice AD| title=Demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters influencing the outcome of acute cystitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=10433573 | doi=10.1086/520138 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10433573 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28017477">{{cite journal| author=de Cueto M, Aliaga L, Alós JI, Canut A, Los-Arcos I, Martínez JA et al.| title=Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC). | journal=Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28017477 | doi=10.1016/j.eimc.2016.11.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28017477 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179 }} </ref>
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| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]], [[benzidine]], bubble baths, [[chemical cystitis]], [[diaphragm]], [[feminine hygeine sprays]], perfumed soap, [[spermicidal jellies]], [[talcum powder]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[Cetirizine]], [[Cyc,lophosphamide]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[drug induced cystitis]], [[hexaminolevulinate]] [[Ifosfamide]], [[Leflunomide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sertraline]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcillin]], [[Topiramate]], [[Tranilast]]
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| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[diabetic neuropathy]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[diarrhea]], [[diverticulitis]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urofacial syndrome]], [[adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystoscopy]], [[radiotherapy]], [[urinary catheter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Candida]], [[chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[enterobacter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]], [[gonorrhea]], [[klebsiella]], [[prostatitis]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[serratia]], [[sexually transmitted diseases]], [[staphyloccus saprophyticus]], [[trichomoniasis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[alcohol]], [[caffeine]], [[chocolate]], [[poor nutrition]], [[tomatoes]], [[xanthinuria]], [[artificial sweeteners]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]], [[gynecological cancers]], [[menopause]], [[PID]], [[pregnancy]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
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| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Urachal cancer]]
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| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[lupus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Frequent sex]], men having sex with men, [[vigorous sex]], [[honeymoon cystitis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]], [[benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[bladder incontinence]], [[congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]], [[enlarged prostate]], [[honeymoon cystitis]], [[Hunner's ulcer]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[narrowing of the urethral opening]], [[posterior urethral valve]], [[urachal cancer]], [[urachal cyst]], [[urethral syndrome]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary obstruction]], [[urinary stones]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]], [[urinary tract infection]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[female gender]], [[foreign body cystitis]], [[immobility]], Not wiping from front to back (women), [[old age]], [[poor hygeine]], [[tampons]], [[tight fitting underwear]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
| |
| {{col-begin|width=80%}}
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
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| *[[Alcohol]]
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| *[[Allopurinol]]
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| *[[Artificial sweeteners]]
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| *[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
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| *[[BCG vaccine]]
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| *[[Behcet's disease]]
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| *[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
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| *[[Benzidine]]
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| *[[Bladder incontinence]]
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| *[[Bubble bath]]
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| *[[Caffeine]]
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| *[[Candida]]
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| *[[Cetrizine]]
| |
| *[[Chemical cystitis]]
| |
| *[[Chlamydia]]
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| *[[Chocolate]]
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| *[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
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| *[[Crohn's disease]]
| |
| *[[Cyclophosphamide]]
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| *[[Cystoscopy]]
| |
| *[[Cytarabine]]
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| *[[Danazol]]
| |
| *[[Dehydration]]
| |
| *[[Diabetes]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Diaphragm]]
| |
| *[[Diarrhea]]
| |
| *[[Diverticulitis]]
| |
| *[[Doxorubicin]]
| |
| *[[Drug induced cystitis]]
| |
| *[[E. coli]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Endometriosis]]
| |
| *[[Enlarged prostate]]
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| *[[Enterobacter]]
| |
| *[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
| |
| *[[Female gender]]
| |
| *[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
| |
| *[[Foreign body cystitis]]
| |
| *[[Frequent sex]]
| |
| *[[Gonorrhea]]
| |
| *[[Gynecological cancers]]
| |
| *[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
| |
| *[[Hunner's ulcer]]
| |
| *[[Ifosfamide]]
| |
| *[[Immobility]]
| |
| *[[Interstitial cystitis]]
| |
| *[[Klebsiella]]
| |
| *[[Lupus]]
| |
| *[[Men having sex with men]]<ref name="pmid2868203">{{cite journal| author=Barnes RC, Daifuku R, Roddy RE, Stamm WE| title=Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men. | journal=Lancet | year= 1986 | volume= 1 | issue= 8474 | pages= 171-3 | pmid=2868203 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2868203 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11280121">{{cite journal| author=Russell DB, Roth NJ| title=Urinary tract infections in men in a primary care population. | journal=Aust Fam Physician | year= 2001 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 177-9 | pmid=11280121 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11280121 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Menopause]]
| |
| *[[Methotrexate]]
| |
| *[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
| |
| *[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
| |
| *[[NSAIDs]]
| |
| *[[Old age]]
| |
| *[[Oxaprozin]]
| |
| *[[Perfumed soap]]
| |
| *[[PID]]
| |
| *[[Poor hygeine]]
| |
| *[[Poor nutrition]]
| |
| *[[Posterior urethral valve]]
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Prostatitis]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
| |
| *[[Radiotherapy]]
| |
| *[[Schistosomiasis]]
| |
| *[[Serratia]]
| |
| *[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
| |
| *[[Spermicidal jellies]]
| |
| *[[Spinal cord injury]]
| |
| *[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
| |
| *[[SLE]]<ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Talcum powder]]
| |
| *[[Tampons]]
| |
| *[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
| |
| *[[Tiagabine]]
| |
| *[[Ticarcilline]]
| |
| *[[Tight fitting underwear]]
| |
| *[[Tomatoes]]
| |
| *[[Tranilast]]
| |
| *[[Trichomoniasis]]<ref name="pmid27793272">{{cite journal| author=Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y| title=A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Biomed J | year= 2016 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 289-294 | pmid=27793272 | doi=10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27793272 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Urachal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Urachal cyst]]
| |
| *[[Urethral syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Urethritis]]
| |
| *[[Urinary catheter]]
| |
| *[[Urinary obstruction]]
| |
| *[[Urinary stones]]
| |
| *[[Urinary tract infection]]
| |
| *[[Urofacial syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
| |
| *[[Vesicoureteral reflex]]<ref name="pmid28051222">{{cite journal| author=Jellouli M, Ben Mansour A, Abidi K, Ferjani M, Naija O, Hammi Y et al.| title=Contribution of ultrasound scans in the first episode of urinary tract infection in children. | journal=Tunis Med | year= 2016 | volume= 94 | issue= 6 | pages= 167-170 | pmid=28051222 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28051222 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Vigorous sex]]
| |
| *[[Xanthinuria]]
| |
| {{EndMultiCol}}
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| | |
| ==References==
| |
| | |
| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
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