Urethral cancer natural history, complications, and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
*The symptoms of Urethral cancer usually develop in the 6th and 7th decade of life, and start with symptoms such as hematuria, difficulty urinating and dysuria. | *The symptoms of Urethral cancer usually develop in the 6th and 7th decade of life, and start with symptoms such as hematuria, difficulty urinating and dysuria. | ||
==Complications== | |||
* Common [[complications]] of bladder cancer include:<ref name="pmid16760884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pagliaro LC, Sharma P |title=Review of metastatic bladder cancer |journal=Minerva Urol Nefrol |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16760884 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12712482">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson TS, Regine WF, Kryscio R, Patchell RA |title=Neurologic complications of bladder carcinoma: a review of 359 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages=2267–72 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12712482 |doi=10.1002/cncr.11354 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19265855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor JA, Kuchel GA |title=Bladder cancer in the elderly: clinical outcomes, basic mechanisms, and future research direction |journal=Nat Clin Pract Urol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=135–44 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19265855 |pmc=2957872 |doi=10.1038/ncpuro1315 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21178055">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Fennessy FM, Taplin ME, Van den Abbeele AD |title=Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer: correlation with the characteristics of the primary tumor |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=117–22 |date=January 2011 |pmid=21178055 |doi=10.2214/AJR.10.5036 |url=}}</ref> | |||
:* [[Metastasis]] | |||
:* [[Anemia]] | |||
:* [[Hydronephrosis]] | |||
:* [[Urethral stricture]] | |||
:* [[Urinary incontinence]] | |||
:*Urinary retention | |||
:*Ureteral obstruction | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Common complications of bladder cancer include metastasis, anemia, hydronephrosis, urethral stricture, and urinary incontinence. The prognosis of urethral cancer varies with the depth of invasion, anatomical location, size, and stage of tumor. Superficial tumors located in the distal urethra have the most favorable prognosis.
Natural History
- The symptoms of Urethral cancer usually develop in the 6th and 7th decade of life, and start with symptoms such as hematuria, difficulty urinating and dysuria.
Complications
- Common complications of bladder cancer include:[1][2][3][4]
- Metastasis
- Anemia
- Hydronephrosis
- Urethral stricture
- Urinary incontinence
- Urinary retention
- Ureteral obstruction
Prognosis
- Anatomical location
- Size
- Stage
- Depth of invasion
- Superficial tumors located in the distal urethra of both the female and male are generally curable. However, deeply invasive lesions are rarely curable by any combination of therapies.
- In men, the prognosis of tumors in the distal (pendulous) urethra is better than for tumors of the proximal (bulbomembranous) and prostatic urethra, which tend to present at more advanced stages.
- Distal urethral tumors tend to occur at earlier stages in women, and they appear to have a better prognosis than proximal tumors.
- Lesions of the proximal or entire length of the urethra are usually associated with invasion and a high incidence of pelvic nodal metastases with 5-year survival rates ranging from 10% to 20%.
References
- ↑ Pagliaro LC, Sharma P (March 2006). "Review of metastatic bladder cancer". Minerva Urol Nefrol. 58 (1): 53–71. PMID 16760884.
- ↑ Anderson TS, Regine WF, Kryscio R, Patchell RA (May 2003). "Neurologic complications of bladder carcinoma: a review of 359 cases". Cancer. 97 (9): 2267–72. doi:10.1002/cncr.11354. PMID 12712482.
- ↑ Taylor JA, Kuchel GA (March 2009). "Bladder cancer in the elderly: clinical outcomes, basic mechanisms, and future research direction". Nat Clin Pract Urol. 6 (3): 135–44. doi:10.1038/ncpuro1315. PMC 2957872. PMID 19265855.
- ↑ Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Fennessy FM, Taplin ME, Van den Abbeele AD (January 2011). "Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer: correlation with the characteristics of the primary tumor". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196 (1): 117–22. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5036. PMID 21178055.
- ↑ National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015. http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq