Urethral cancer causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Common causes of urethral cancer include human papillomavirus, history of bladder cancer, recurring urinary tract infections, smoking, and exposure to chemicals.
Causes
Urethral cancers appear to be associated with infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, a strain of HPV known to be causative for cervical cancer. Other significant causes of urethral cancer are: [1][2]
- Recurring urinary tract infections
- Chemical exposure
References
- ↑ Wiener JS, Liu ET, Walther PJ (1992). "Oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 is associated with squamous cell cancer of the male urethra". Cancer Res. 52 (18): 5018–23. PMID 1325290.
- ↑ Wiener JS, Walther PJ (1994). "A high association of oncogenic human papillomaviruses with carcinomas of the female urethra: polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of multiple histological types". J Urol. 151 (1): 49–53. PMID 8254831.