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*Arboviruses:
*Arboviruses:
**Common arvboviruses in the United States:  
**Common arvboviruses in the United States<ref name="pmid8118792">{{cite journal| author=Calisher CH| title=Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1994 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 89-116 | pmid=8118792 | doi= | pmc=358307 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8118792  }} </ref>:  
***St. louis encephalitis virus (Flavivirus)  
***St. louis encephalitis virus (Flavivirus)  
***Western equine encephalitis virus (Alphavirus)  
***Western equine encephalitis virus (Alphavirus)  
***Colorado tick fever virus (Colitvirus)
***Colorado tick fever virus (Colitvirus)
**They commonly cause encephalitis. However, they are responsible for causing other neuronal infections as  
**They commonly cause encephalitis. However, they are responsible for causing other neuronal infections as viral meningitis and
**Pathogenesis is similar to the enteroviruses pathogenesis
**Pathogenesis is similar to the enteroviruses pathogenesis



Revision as of 15:14, 11 April 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Viral meningitis pathophysiology differs from virus to another and depends on many factors like age, immune status and gene expression. Invasion into the meninges by a pathogen can set up a local inflammatory response. The clinical signs are due to this meningeal irritation - for example, Kernig's sign is due to pain produced by stretching of the inflamed meninges.

Pathogenesis

  • The causative viral agents can reach the nervous system via the blood or the nerves themselves. There is a difference in both pathways pathogenesis. Viral spreading through the blood (viremia) is more common in viral meningitis pathogenesis. The viruses enter to the pulmonary and intestinal mucosa at which they spread into the blood to reach the lymph nodes where viral replication takes place and this is called primary viremia. At this point, the host cells try to prevent further replication from happening and if they fail to stop the replication, secondary viremia will take place and the viruses can spread to the nervous system causing many clinical manifestations. [1]
  • Enteroviruses:
    • They include coxsackievirus A&B, echovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A and poliovirus
    • Infection can be started in the nasal mucosa and after that it can be ingested in the stomach. It attaches to the enterocytes then the viruses reach the peyer's patches of the lamina propria where the replication takes place
    • The replication which occurs at this site causes viremia to further organs like the lung, brain and liver at which another replication takes place at these organs causing more viremia. Infetion of the nervous system can occur via this viremia which is responsible for the clinical manifestaions of the disease
  • Arboviruses:
    • Common arvboviruses in the United States[2]:
      • St. louis encephalitis virus (Flavivirus)
      • Western equine encephalitis virus (Alphavirus)
      • Colorado tick fever virus (Colitvirus)
    • They commonly cause encephalitis. However, they are responsible for causing other neuronal infections as viral meningitis and
    • Pathogenesis is similar to the enteroviruses pathogenesis

Transmission

Infectious transmission is different among the viruses causing viral meningitis:

  • Enteroviruses: Feco-oral transmission and may be transmitted by the respiratory droplet
  • Herpes simplex viruse: Interhuman transmission
  • Arboviruses: Transmitted through mosquitoes
  • Mumps: Transmitted via the blood
  • Influenza: Postinfections - airborne transmission
  • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Transmitted by the rodents
  • West nile virus: Transmitted via parasitic pathogens

[3]

Genetics

Associated conditions

Gross pathology

Microscopic pathology

References

  1. Rotbart HA (2000). "Viral meningitis". Semin Neurol. 20 (3): 277–92. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9427. PMID 11051293.
  2. Calisher CH (1994). "Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada". Clin Microbiol Rev. 7 (1): 89–116. PMC 358307. PMID 8118792.
  3. Template:Cite Book