Turner syndrome MRI: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Cardiac MRIs are helpful in screening/detecting the following cardiac abnormalities and functional MRIs have been used to study neural pathways responsible for poor visual spatial skills and executive function. | [[Cardiac]] MRIs are helpful in screening/detecting the following cardiac abnormalities and functional MRIs have been used to study [[neural pathways]] responsible for poor [[visual spatial]] skills and executive function. | ||
==MRI== | ==MRI== | ||
*Functional MRIs have been used to study neural pathways responsible for poor visual spatial skills and executive function. | *Functional MRIs have been used to study [[neural pathways]] responsible for poor visual spatial skills and executive function. | ||
*Important insights revealed by functional MRIs include: | *Important insights revealed by functional MRIs include: | ||
**Visuospatial deficits (visuo-spatial function, visuomotor learning and spatial working memory) in Turner syndrome is hypothesized to be independent of hormone deficiencies and due to abnormalities in parieto-occipital mechanisms/morphology along with volumetric differences in the superior parietal lobule and the postcentral gyrus. | **Visuospatial deficits (visuo-spatial function, [[visuomotor learning]] and [[spatial working memory]]) in [[Turner syndrome]] is hypothesized to be independent of hormone deficiencies and due to abnormalities in [[parieto-occipital]] mechanisms/morphology along with volumetric differences in the [[superior parietal lobule]] and the [[postcentral gyrus]]. | ||
**Executive skill deficiencies are said to be due to abnormalities in the prefrontal-striatal pathways. | **Executive skill deficiencies are said to be due to abnormalities in the [[prefrontal-striatal]] pathways. | ||
**Reduced white matter in the frontal parietal pathways and defects in neurodevelopment and connectivity in these regions are responsible for the inability of Turner syndrome patients to link visuo-spatial functioning with executive functioning when performing complex tasks. | **Reduced [[white matter]] in the [[frontal parietal pathways]] and defects in [[neurodevelopment]] and connectivity in these regions are responsible for the inability of [[Turner syndrome]] patients to link [[visuo-spatial]] functioning with executive functioning when performing complex tasks. | ||
**The patient is able to compensate for this deficiency whilst performing simple tasks by recruiting fronto-parietal resources. This recruitment is not possible during complicated tasks. <ref name="pmid12477602">{{cite journal| author=Brown WE, Kesler SR, Eliez S, Warsofsky IS, Haberecht M, Patwardhan A | display-authors=etal| title=Brain development in Turner syndrome: a magnetic resonance imaging study. | journal=Psychiatry Res | year= 2002 | volume= 116 | issue= 3 | pages= 187-96 | pmid=12477602 | doi=10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00086-0 | pmc=3061616 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12477602 }} </ref> | **The patient is able to compensate for this deficiency whilst performing simple tasks by recruiting [[fronto-parietal]] resources. This recruitment is not possible during complicated tasks. <ref name="pmid12477602">{{cite journal| author=Brown WE, Kesler SR, Eliez S, Warsofsky IS, Haberecht M, Patwardhan A | display-authors=etal| title=Brain development in Turner syndrome: a magnetic resonance imaging study. | journal=Psychiatry Res | year= 2002 | volume= 116 | issue= 3 | pages= 187-96 | pmid=12477602 | doi=10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00086-0 | pmc=3061616 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12477602 }} </ref> | ||
**One study suggested that volumetric differences in the amygdala were responsible for poor facial recognition and judgement. Poor connectivity between the amygdala and fusiform and aberrant development in the orbitofrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus further contribute to this | **One study suggested that volumetric differences in the [[amygdala]] were responsible for poor facial recognition and judgement. Poor connectivity between the amygdala and [[fusiform]] and aberrant development in the [[orbitofrontal cortex]] and [[superior temporal sulcus]] further contribute to this | ||
*A study using brain MRIs to document morphological changes in Turner syndrome patients found significantly smaller volumes in the cerebral hemispheres, the hippocampus, the lenticular nuclei, the thalamic nuclei and parietal occipital brain matter. <ref name="pmid17562588">{{cite journal| author=Kesler SR| title=Turner syndrome. | journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am | year= 2007 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 709-22 | pmid=17562588 | doi=10.1016/j.chc.2007.02.004 | pmc=2023872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17562588 }} </ref> | *A study using brain MRIs to document morphological changes in [[Turner syndrome]] patients found significantly smaller volumes in the [[cerebral hemispheres]], the [[hippocampus]], the [[lenticular nuclei]], the [[thalamic nuclei]] and [[parietal occipital]] brain matter. <ref name="pmid17562588">{{cite journal| author=Kesler SR| title=Turner syndrome. | journal=Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am | year= 2007 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 709-22 | pmid=17562588 | doi=10.1016/j.chc.2007.02.004 | pmc=2023872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17562588 }} </ref> | ||
*Cardiac MRI is helpful in screening the following cardiac abnormalities: <ref name="pmid12612263">{{cite journal| author=Frías JL, Davenport ML, Committee on Genetics and Section on Endocrinology| title=Health supervision for children with Turner syndrome. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2003 | volume= 111 | issue= 3 | pages= 692-702 | pmid=12612263 | doi=10.1542/peds.111.3.692 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12612263 }} </ref> | *Cardiac MRI is helpful in screening the following cardiac abnormalities: <ref name="pmid12612263">{{cite journal| author=Frías JL, Davenport ML, Committee on Genetics and Section on Endocrinology| title=Health supervision for children with Turner syndrome. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2003 | volume= 111 | issue= 3 | pages= 692-702 | pmid=12612263 | doi=10.1542/peds.111.3.692 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12612263 }} </ref> | ||
*#Coarctation of aorta | *#[[Coarctation of aorta]] | ||
*#Ventricular septal defect | *#[[Ventricular septal defect]] | ||
*#Bicuspid aortic valve | *#[[Bicuspid aortic valve]] | ||
*#Aortic dissection | *#[[Aortic dissection]] | ||
*#Aortal dilation | *#[[Aortal dilation]] | ||
*#Aortic aneurysm | *#[[Aortic aneurysm]] | ||
*#Ischemic heart disease | *#[[Ischemic heart disease]] | ||
*#Atherosclerosis | *#[[Atherosclerosis]] | ||
*#Elongated transverse aortic arch | *#[[Elongated transverse aortic arch]] | ||
*#Pulmonary venous anomalies | *#[[Pulmonary venous anomalies]] | ||
*#Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | *#[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]] | ||
*#Infective endocarditis | *#[[Infective endocarditis]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:06, 15 September 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akash Daswaney, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Cardiac MRIs are helpful in screening/detecting the following cardiac abnormalities and functional MRIs have been used to study neural pathways responsible for poor visual spatial skills and executive function.
MRI
- Functional MRIs have been used to study neural pathways responsible for poor visual spatial skills and executive function.
- Important insights revealed by functional MRIs include:
- Visuospatial deficits (visuo-spatial function, visuomotor learning and spatial working memory) in Turner syndrome is hypothesized to be independent of hormone deficiencies and due to abnormalities in parieto-occipital mechanisms/morphology along with volumetric differences in the superior parietal lobule and the postcentral gyrus.
- Executive skill deficiencies are said to be due to abnormalities in the prefrontal-striatal pathways.
- Reduced white matter in the frontal parietal pathways and defects in neurodevelopment and connectivity in these regions are responsible for the inability of Turner syndrome patients to link visuo-spatial functioning with executive functioning when performing complex tasks.
- The patient is able to compensate for this deficiency whilst performing simple tasks by recruiting fronto-parietal resources. This recruitment is not possible during complicated tasks. [1]
- One study suggested that volumetric differences in the amygdala were responsible for poor facial recognition and judgement. Poor connectivity between the amygdala and fusiform and aberrant development in the orbitofrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus further contribute to this
- A study using brain MRIs to document morphological changes in Turner syndrome patients found significantly smaller volumes in the cerebral hemispheres, the hippocampus, the lenticular nuclei, the thalamic nuclei and parietal occipital brain matter. [2]
- Cardiac MRI is helpful in screening the following cardiac abnormalities: [3]
References
- ↑ Brown WE, Kesler SR, Eliez S, Warsofsky IS, Haberecht M, Patwardhan A; et al. (2002). "Brain development in Turner syndrome: a magnetic resonance imaging study". Psychiatry Res. 116 (3): 187–96. doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00086-0. PMC 3061616. PMID 12477602.
- ↑ Kesler SR (2007). "Turner syndrome". Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 16 (3): 709–22. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.02.004. PMC 2023872. PMID 17562588.
- ↑ Frías JL, Davenport ML, Committee on Genetics and Section on Endocrinology (2003). "Health supervision for children with Turner syndrome". Pediatrics. 111 (3): 692–702. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.692. PMID 12612263.