Tularemia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
''[[Francisella|Francisella tularensis]]'' is an extremely infectious bacteria; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness. The bacteria penetrate into the body through damaged skin and [[Mucous membrane|mucous membranes]], or through inhalation. ''Francisella tularensis'' is an [[intracellular]] bacterium, meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells. It primarily infects [[macrophages]], a type of [[White blood cells|white blood cell]]. It is thus able to evade the [[immune system]]. The course of disease involves spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the [[lungs]], [[Liver|liver,]] [[spleen]], and [[Lymphatic system|lymphatic system.]] | |||
==Pathogenesis== | ==Pathogenesis== | ||
===Transmission=== | ===Transmission=== | ||
*Bacteremic phase initiates the spread of disease into reticuloendothelial tissue. | *[[Bacteremia|Bacteremic]] phase initiates the spread of disease into [[reticuloendothelial]] tissue. | ||
*This evokes an | *This evokes an [[Immunology|immunological]] reaction resulting in a flurry of [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|tumor necrosis factor alpha]], [[interleukin-10]] and [[Interleukin 12|12]], as well as [[IFN|IFN-gamma]]. | ||
*T-cells become involved as the disease progresses. | *[[T-cells]] become involved as the disease progresses. | ||
*Studies show that T-cells are necessary in stopping the reaction, but not controlling it. | *Studies show that [[T-cells]] are necessary in stopping the reaction, but not controlling it. | ||
*A successful tularemia infection is the ultimate result of the disease's ability to survive within macrophage host cells. | *A successful tularemia infection is the ultimate result of the disease's ability to survive within [[macrophage]] host cells. <ref name= "Tul Pub"> Tularemia. Ellis J, Oyston PC, Green M, Titball RW. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(4):631-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364373 Accessed March 28, 2016 </ref> | ||
===Mechanism of infection=== | ===Mechanism of infection=== | ||
* ''[[Francisella|Francisella tularensis]]'' is one of the most infectious bacteria known; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness. | * ''[[Francisella|Francisella tularensis]]'' is one of the most infectious [[bacteria]] known; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness. | ||
* The bacteria penetrate into the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, or through inhalation. | * The [[Bacterial Endocarditis|bacteria]] penetrate into the body through damaged skin and [[mucous membranes]], or through inhalation. | ||
* Humans are most often infected by tick bite or through handling an infected animal. Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. | * Humans are most often infected by tick bite or through handling an infected animal. | ||
* Tularemia can also be acquired by inhalation; hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. | * Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. <ref> Francisella tularensis Bacteria Associated with Feline Tularemia in the United States. Larson MA, Fey PD, Hinrichs SH, Iwen PC. Francisella tularensis bacteria associated with feline tularemia in the United States. Emerging Infect Dis. 2014;20(12):2068-71. Accessed March 28, 2016 </ref> | ||
* Tularemia can also be acquired by [[inhalation]]; hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. | |||
* Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person. | * Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person. | ||
* ''Francisella tularensis'' is an intracellular bacterium, meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells. | * ''Francisella tularensis'' is an [[Intracellular|intracellular bacterium]], meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells. | ||
* It primarily infects [[macrophages]], a type of white blood cell. It is thus able to evade the immune system. | * It primarily infects [[macrophages]], a type of [[White blood cells|white blood cell]]. It is thus able to evade the [[immune system]]. | ||
* The course of disease involves spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic system. | * The course of disease involves spread of the [[organism]] to multiple [[organ systems]], including the [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[spleen]], and [[lymphatic system]]. <ref name= "Tul Pub"> Tularemia. Ellis J, Oyston PC, Green M, Titball RW. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(4):631-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364373 Accessed March 28, 2016 </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Zoonoses]] | [[Category:Zoonoses]] | ||
[[Category:Biological weapons]] | [[Category:Biological weapons]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:04, 18 September 2017
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Tularemia Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Tularemia pathophysiology On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Tularemia pathophysiology |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Tularemia pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Francisella tularensis is an extremely infectious bacteria; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness. The bacteria penetrate into the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, or through inhalation. Francisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterium, meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells. It primarily infects macrophages, a type of white blood cell. It is thus able to evade the immune system. The course of disease involves spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic system.
Pathogenesis
Transmission
- Bacteremic phase initiates the spread of disease into reticuloendothelial tissue.
- This evokes an immunological reaction resulting in a flurry of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10 and 12, as well as IFN-gamma.
- T-cells become involved as the disease progresses.
- Studies show that T-cells are necessary in stopping the reaction, but not controlling it.
- A successful tularemia infection is the ultimate result of the disease's ability to survive within macrophage host cells. [1]
Mechanism of infection
- Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious bacteria known; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness.
- The bacteria penetrate into the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, or through inhalation.
- Humans are most often infected by tick bite or through handling an infected animal.
- Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. [2]
- Tularemia can also be acquired by inhalation; hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process.
- Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person.
- Francisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterium, meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells.
- It primarily infects macrophages, a type of white blood cell. It is thus able to evade the immune system.
- The course of disease involves spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic system. [1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tularemia. Ellis J, Oyston PC, Green M, Titball RW. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(4):631-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364373 Accessed March 28, 2016
- ↑ Francisella tularensis Bacteria Associated with Feline Tularemia in the United States. Larson MA, Fey PD, Hinrichs SH, Iwen PC. Francisella tularensis bacteria associated with feline tularemia in the United States. Emerging Infect Dis. 2014;20(12):2068-71. Accessed March 28, 2016