Trigeminal neuralgia causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hardik Patel, M.D. Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Common causes of trigeminal neuralgia include sources of nerve compression from cardiovascular obstruction, tumor pressure, infectious disease, and facial trauma.

Classification

According to International Headache Society(IHS), in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Third Edition (ICHD-3),TN is divided into classic (or classical) TN, secondary TN, and idiopathic TN.

Classic trigeminal neuralgia:

Trigeminal neuralgia developing without apparent cause other than neurovascular compression. MRI can demonstrate nerve root atrophy and/or displacement due to neurovascular compression as shown in image.

Causes[1] [2]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Abnormal vessels, Arterial compression, Arteriovenous malformation, Ischemic cerebrovascular disorders, Stroke, Vascular anomalies, Vascular compression, Vascular malformation
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Epidermoid, Scleroderma
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Oral surgery, Sinus surgery, Temporomadibular joint syndrome
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Aneurysms, Blood vessels compressing the trigeminal nerve root, Saccular aneurysm
Iatrogenic Sinus surgery
Infectious Disease Chronic meningeal inflammation, Chronic meningeal infection, Dental infection, Lyme disease, Postherpetic neuralgia
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Facial spasm, Temporomadibular joint syndrome
Neurologic Acoustic neuroma, Blood vessels compressing the trigeminal nerve root, Brain tumor, Chronic meningeal inflammation, Chronic meningeal infection, Cluster headache, Epidermoid, Facial spasm, Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Ischemic cerebrovascular disorders, Meningioma, Multiple sclerosis, Pain syndrome, Physical damage to the nerve, Postherpetic neuralgia, Saccular aneurysm, Vascular anomalies, Vascular compression, Vestibular schwannoma
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Brain tumor, Meningioma, Tumors, Vestibular schwannoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Sarcoidosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Facial trauma, Physical damage to the nerve
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aging, Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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References

  1. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
3D constructive interference in steady state MRI shows axial sections at the level of trigeminal nerve root entry into the pons. (A) Bilateral neurovascular contact without morphologic changes of the root in a patient with left trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Nerve (long arrows) and blood vessel (short arrows) appear hypointense surrounded by hyperintense CSF. Contact is seen at the root entry zone as well as mid-cisternal segment. (B, C) Morphologic changes exceeding mere neurovascular contact of the trigeminal nerve root are compatible with the diagnosis of classical TN. (B) Root atrophy in a patient with right TN. (C) Indentation and dislocation of the root in a patient with right TN (short arrow).

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