Transposition of the great vessels history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
==History == | ==History == | ||
* '''Cyanosis''' can seen soon after the birth, due to the low oxygen saturation of the blood. | * '''Cyanosis''' can seen soon after the birth, due to the low oxygen saturation of the blood. | ||
* Peripheral areas such as around the mouth and lips, fingertips, and toes are affected first because they are furthest from the heart, and since the circulated blood is not fully oxygenated to begin with, very little oxygen reaches the peripheral arteries. | |||
*Peripheral areas such as around the mouth and lips, fingertips, and toes are affected first because they are furthest from the heart, and since the circulated blood is not fully oxygenated to begin with, very little oxygen reaches the peripheral arteries. | |||
== Symptoms == | == Symptoms == | ||
* The | * The parallel circulation in TGA results in a significant [[Hypoxemia|hypoxemic]] status that is observed clinically by [[central cyanosis]] contributed by | ||
* | ** Limited inter circulatory mixing | ||
** Associated left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or pulmonary obstructive disease (reduces the blood flow to the pulmonary vascular bed) | |||
* However, if no obstructive lesions are present, and there is a large [[ventricular septal defect]] that allows for satisfactory mixing between the two circulations, [[cyanosis]] may go undetected and only be perceived during episodes of [[crying]] or [[agitation]]. | |||
* In these cases, signs of [[congestive heart failure]] prevail due to excessive ventricular workload. | |||
* [[Tachypnea]], [[tachycardia]], [[diaphoresis]], [[poor weight gain]], a [[gallop rhythm]], and eventually [[hepatomegaly]] can be then detected later on during [[infancy]]. | |||
* A D-TGA baby will exhibit in-drawing beneath the ribcage and [[rapid breathing]]; this is likely a homeostatic reflex of the [[autonomic nervous system]] in response to [[hypoxic hypoxia]]. | |||
* The [[infant]] will be easily [[Fatigue|fatigued]] and may experience [[weakness]], particularly during [[feeding]] or playing; this interruption to [[feeding]] combined with [[hypoxia]] can cause [[failure to thrive]]. | |||
* If D-TGA is not diagnosed and corrected early on, the [[infant]] may eventually experience [[syncope]] episodes and develop [[clubbing]] of the [[Finger|fingers]] and toes. | |||
* The bluish discoloration of the [[skin]] and mucous membranes is therefore the basic pattern of clinical presentation in transposition. | |||
* Its onset and severity depend on anatomical and functional variants that influence the degree of mixing between the two circulations. | |||
* | |||
* Other non-specific symptoms include: | * Other non-specific symptoms include: | ||
**[[ | ** [[Heart murmurs]] associated with left outflow tract obstruction, persistent arterial duct or due to a septal defect may be heard, but they are not a constant finding | ||
* | * Patients with L-TGA are typically unaffected until later in life when the right ventricle can no longer compensate for the increased afterload of the systemic circulation. These patients present with signs and symptoms of heart failure. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:13, 19 February 2020
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Transposition of the great vessels Microchapters |
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Classification |
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Differentiating Transposition of the great vessels from other Diseases |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Keri Shafer, M.D. [4]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [5]
Overview
History
- Cyanosis can seen soon after the birth, due to the low oxygen saturation of the blood.
- Peripheral areas such as around the mouth and lips, fingertips, and toes are affected first because they are furthest from the heart, and since the circulated blood is not fully oxygenated to begin with, very little oxygen reaches the peripheral arteries.
Symptoms
- The parallel circulation in TGA results in a significant hypoxemic status that is observed clinically by central cyanosis contributed by
- Limited inter circulatory mixing
- Associated left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or pulmonary obstructive disease (reduces the blood flow to the pulmonary vascular bed)
- However, if no obstructive lesions are present, and there is a large ventricular septal defect that allows for satisfactory mixing between the two circulations, cyanosis may go undetected and only be perceived during episodes of crying or agitation.
- In these cases, signs of congestive heart failure prevail due to excessive ventricular workload.
- Tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis, poor weight gain, a gallop rhythm, and eventually hepatomegaly can be then detected later on during infancy.
- A D-TGA baby will exhibit in-drawing beneath the ribcage and rapid breathing; this is likely a homeostatic reflex of the autonomic nervous system in response to hypoxic hypoxia.
- The infant will be easily fatigued and may experience weakness, particularly during feeding or playing; this interruption to feeding combined with hypoxia can cause failure to thrive.
- If D-TGA is not diagnosed and corrected early on, the infant may eventually experience syncope episodes and develop clubbing of the fingers and toes.
- The bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes is therefore the basic pattern of clinical presentation in transposition.
- Its onset and severity depend on anatomical and functional variants that influence the degree of mixing between the two circulations.
- Other non-specific symptoms include:
- Heart murmurs associated with left outflow tract obstruction, persistent arterial duct or due to a septal defect may be heard, but they are not a constant finding
- Patients with L-TGA are typically unaffected until later in life when the right ventricle can no longer compensate for the increased afterload of the systemic circulation. These patients present with signs and symptoms of heart failure.