Transitional cell carcinoma laboratory findings

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Suveenkrishna Pothuru, M.B,B.S. [2] Anum Gull M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma include blood in the urine, abnormal cells in the urine, and elevated tumor markers such as

Laboratory Findings

  • Blood in the urine ( Gross/Microscopic)
  • Abnormal cells in the urine
  • Tumor marker tests: Urine biomarkers could have a significant role in determining which individuals require cystoscopy, as well as determining those who might need evaluation of the upper urinary tract.
  • Bladder tumor–associated antigen (BTA)[2]
  • Nuclear matrix proteins 22 (NMP)[3]
  • NMP52[4]
  • Mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Hyaluronic acid.[5]
  • Bladder cancer associated NMP 4 (BLCA-4)[6]
  • Survivin
  • Cytokeratin (CK) 8 and CK 18.[7]
  • Telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)[8]
  • Fibrin degradation products.[9]
  • Elevated alkaline phosphatase
  • UroVysion test is a multicolor FISH assay using probes that can detect aneuploidy of chromosomes 3, 7, or 17 or loss of the 9p21 locus.[11]

References

  1. Bladder Cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/diagnosis/?region=ab#urinetest Accessed on October, 6 2015
  2. Guo A, Wang X, Gao L, Shi J, Sun C, Wan Z (2014). "Bladder tumour antigen (BTA stat) test compared to the urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer: A meta-analysis". Can Urol Assoc J. 8 (5–6): E347–52. doi:10.5489/cuaj.1668. PMC 4039599. PMID 24940462.
  3. Grossman HB, Messing E, Soloway M, Tomera K, Katz G, Berger Y; et al. (2005). "Detection of bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay". JAMA. 293 (7): 810–6. doi:10.1001/jama.293.7.810. PMID 15713770.
  4. Attallah AM, Sakr HA, Ismail H, Abdel-Hady el-SK, El-Dosoky I (2005). "An office-based immunodiagnostic assay for detecting urinary nuclear matrix protein 52 in patients with bladder cancer". BJU Int. 96 (3): 334–9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05627.x. PMID 16042726.
  5. Lokeshwar VB, Obek C, Pham HT, Wei D, Young MJ, Duncan RC; et al. (2000). "Urinary hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase: markers for bladder cancer detection and evaluation of grade". J Urol. 163 (1): 348–56. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68050-0. PMID 10604388.
  6. Getzenberg RH, Konety BR, Oeler TA, Quigley MM, Hakam A, Becich MJ; et al. (1996). "Bladder cancer-associated nuclear matrix proteins". Cancer Res. 56 (7): 1690–4. PMID 8603421.
  7. Lokeshwar VB, Selzer MG (2006). "Urinary bladder tumor markers". Urol Oncol. 24 (6): 528–37. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.07.003. PMID 17138134.
  8. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL; et al. (1994). "Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer". Science. 266 (5193): 2011–5. doi:10.1126/science.7605428. PMID 7605428.
  9. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL; et al. (1994). "Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer". Science. 266 (5193): 2011–5. doi:10.1126/science.7605428. PMID 7605428.
  10. Têtu B, Tiguert R, Harel F, Fradet Y (2005). "ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ improves the sensitivity of urine cytology in patients followed for urothelial carcinoma". Mod Pathol. 18 (1): 83–9. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800262. PMID 15389253.
  11. Yoder BJ, Skacel M, Hedgepeth R, Babineau D, Ulchaker JC, Liou LS; et al. (2007). "Reflex UroVysion testing of bladder cancer surveillance patients with equivocal or negative urine cytology: a prospective study with focus on the natural history of anticipatory positive findings". Am J Clin Pathol. 127 (2): 295–301. doi:10.1309/ADJL7E810U1H42BJ. PMID 17210520.

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