Thrombophilia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thrombophilia]]
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thrombophilia]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKA}}, {{S.G.}}, {{asiri}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKA}}, {{S.G.}}, {{asiri}}, {{JK}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
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*History of [[warfarin_necrosis|warfarin skin necrosis]]  
*History of [[warfarin_necrosis|warfarin skin necrosis]]  


===Differentiating different thrombophilias on the basis of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings===
===Table 1: Differentiating different thrombophilias on the basis of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings===
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Physical examination'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Lab Findings'''
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Imaging'''
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms of DVT
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tenderness in extremities
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Edema in extremities
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Warmth in extremities
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |PT
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |aPTT
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Doppler ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Chest CT scan
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<ref name="pmid19141163">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patnaik MM, Moll S |title=Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review |journal=Haemophilia |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1229–39 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19141163 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="Al HadidiWu2017">{{cite journal|last1=Al Hadidi|first1=Samer|last2=Wu|first2=Kristi|last3=Aburahma|first3=Ahmed|last4=Alamarat|first4=Zain|title=Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency|journal=BMJ Case Reports|year=2017|pages=bcr-2017-221556|issn=1757-790X|doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-221556}}</ref><ref name="pmid21772860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konecny F |title=Inherited trombophilic states and pulmonary embolism |journal=J Res Med Sci |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=21772860 |pmc=3129068 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Normal
 
* Reduces the Increase in [[PTT]] after administration of [[heparin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Evidence of [[deep vein thrombosis]] ([[DVT]])
* Should be used for diagnosis and follow up
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Occlusion]] of  [[brachiocephalic]] [[vein]]
* Large [[thrombus]] in [[superior vena cava]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Decreased [[plasma]] [[Antithrombin III|antithrombin]] ([[AT III]]) activity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
* Decreased inhibition of [[factor II]] and Xa
* [[Antithrombin]] is a natural [[anticoagulant]] that is lost in the [[urine]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid20626623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D |title=The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=2116–21 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20626623 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27797270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P |title=Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden |journal=Expert Rev Hematol |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1139–1149 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27797270 |doi=10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15003896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV |title=The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=201–6 |date=February 2004 |pmid=15003896 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23615845">{{cite journal| author=Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L et al.| title=Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 191-4 | pmid=23615845 | doi=10.1160/TH13-02-0163 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23615845  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12421138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Press RD, Bauer KA, Kujovich JL, Heit JA |title=Clinical utility of factor V leiden (R506Q) testing for the diagnosis and management of thromboembolic disorders |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=126 |issue=11 |pages=1304–18 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12421138 |doi=10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1304:CUOFVL>2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Recommended to do weekly
* [[Proximal]] [[DVT]] is more commonly observed as compared to [[distal]] [[DVT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Protein C deficiency]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Bernard Khor]] & [[Elizabeth M. Van Cott]]
| title = Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency
| journal = [[American journal of hematology]]
| volume = 85
| issue = 6
| pages = 440–442
| year = 2010
| month = June
| doi = 10.1002/ajh.21679
| pmid = 20309856
}}</ref><ref name="pmid11336597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pescatore SL |title=Clinical management of protein C deficiency |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=431–9 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11336597 |doi=10.1517/14656566.2.3.431 |url=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
| author = [[Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal]], [[Segundo Moran]], [[Roberto Corona-Cedillo]] & [[Rocio Brom-Valladares]]
| title = Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient
| journal = [[World journal of hepatology]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 7
| pages = 532–537
| year = 2014
| month = July
| doi = 10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532
| pmid = 25068006
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal / ↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hypercoagulation]]
* Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Venous thromboembolism]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Protein C]] functional [[assay]]
* [[ELISA]] [[assay]]: may produce [[false positive]] result in cross reaction with [[rheumatoid factor]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Factor VIII]] elevation in acute phase
* Functional [[assay]] should not be performed if patient is on [[warfarin]]
* [[Purpura fulminans]] ([[skin]] [[necrosis]]) could be a form of presentation
* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Protein S deficiency]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kristi J. Smock]], [[Elizabeth A. Plumhoff]], [[Piet Meijer]], [[Peihong Hsu]], [[Nicole D. Zantek]], [[Nahla M. Heikal]] & [[Elizabeth M. Van Cott]]
| title = Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories
| journal = [[Thrombosis and haemostasis]]
| volume = 116
| issue = 1
| pages = 50–57
| year = 2016
| month = July
| doi = 10.1160/TH15-12-0918
| pmid = 27075008
}}</ref><ref name="pmid21799399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ji M, Yoon SN, Lee W, Jang S, Park SH, Kim DY, Chun S, Min WK |title=Protein S deficiency with a PROS1 gene mutation in a patient presenting with mesenteric venous thrombosis following total colectomy |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=619–21 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21799399 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834a0421 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal / ↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hypercoagulation]]
* Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Thrombosis]] of [[superior mesenteric vein]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Protein S]] free [[antigen]] [[assay]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* When performing the gold standard test, beware of interference from samples positive for [[Factor V]] [[mutation]], [[protein C deficiency]] and oral [[anticoagulants]] ([[rivaroxaban]])
* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration
* Suspected in patients with a strong family history of [[VTE]]
* [[Post phlebitic syndrome]] 
 
* [[Fetal]] loss
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A|Prothrombin gene mutation]]<ref name="pmid17474891">{{cite journal| author=Cooper PC, Rezende SM| title=An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations. | journal=Int J Lab Hematol | year= 2007 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 153-62 | pmid=17474891 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17474891  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12421139">{{cite journal| author=McGlennen RC, Key NS| title=Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation. | journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med | year= 2002 | volume= 126 | issue= 11 | pages= 1319-25 | pmid=12421139 | doi=10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12421139  }}</ref><ref name="pmid236158452">{{cite journal| author=Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L et al.| title=Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 191-4 | pmid=23615845 | doi=10.1160/TH13-02-0163 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23615845  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Proximal]] [[DVT]] is more commonly observed as compared to [[distal]] [[DVT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Detection of [[mutation]] using [[restriction enzyme]] and [[PCR]]
* [[DNA testing]] for [[prothrombin G20210A mutation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Mutation]] causes increased production of [[prothrombin]]
* Increased [[blood]] levels of [[prothrombin]] lead to [[venous]] clots in the [[circulatory system]]
* [[Hormonal]] [[oral contraceptive pills]] can increase the risk of [[VTE]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)]]<ref name="pmid25535423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venugopal A |title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation |journal=Indian J Anaesth |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=603–8 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25535423 |pmc=4260307 |doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144666 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27276832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makruasi N |title=Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=98 Suppl 10 |issue= |pages=S45–51 |date=November 2015 |pmid=27276832 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29178991">{{cite journal| author=Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T et al.| title=The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B. | journal=Thromb Res | year= 2018 | volume= 161 | issue=  | pages= 7-11 | pmid=29178991 | doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29178991  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Portal vein thrombosis]] is observed in patients with coexistent [[hepatitis B]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevated [[fibrin degradation products]] ([[D-dimers]])
* Decreased [[fibrinogen]]
* Decreased [[factor V]] and VIII
* Shistocytes (helmet [[cells]]) on [[peripheral blood smear]]
* [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Antiphospholipid  antibody syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24319251">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim W |title=Antiphospholipid syndrome |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=675–80 |date=2013 |pmid=24319251 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19624461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG |title=Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1737–40 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19624461 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid243192512">{{cite journal| author=Lim W| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome. | journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages= 675-80 | pmid=24319251 | doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24319251  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29791828">{{cite journal| author=Garcia D, Erkan D| title=Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2018 | volume= 378 | issue= 21 | pages= 2010-2021 | pmid=29791828 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1705454 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29791828  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23488294">{{cite journal| author=Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J| title=[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]. | journal=Ginekol Pol | year= 2012 | volume= 83 | issue= 12 | pages= 916-21 | pmid=23488294 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23488294  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Increased impedance of [[flow]] in [[uterine]] [[arteries]] at 12-20 weeks of [[gestation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Antiphospholipid antibody]]
* [[Anticardiolipin antibody]]
* [[Lupus anticoagulant]]
* Anti-β2GPI [[antibody]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Both, [[arterial]] and [[venous]] [[thrombosis]] can occur
* History of [[spontaneous abortions]]
* [[False positive]] [[VDRL]]
* [[Stroke]] and [[transient ischemic attack]] ([[TIA]]) are most common forms of presentation of [[arterial thrombosis]]
|}
 
 


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 280: Line 59:
| '''Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism''' ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  +
| '''Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism''' ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  + ||  +
|-
|-
| '''Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction''' || - || + || - || Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction''' || - || + || - || - || - || +/- || +/-
|-
|-
| '''Tenderness in extremities''' || + || + || + || Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''Tenderness in extremities''' || + || + || + || + || + || + || +
|-
|-
| '''Edema in extremities''' || + || + || + || Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''Edema in extremities''' || + || + || + || + || + || + || +
|-
|-
| '''Warmth in extremities''' || + || + || + || Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''Warmth in extremities''' || + || + || + || + || + || + || +
|-
|-
| '''PT''' || Normal || N/A || Normal || Example || Example || Example || Example
| '''PT''' ||  
*Normal  
||  
*N/A  
||  
*Normal  
||  
*Normal
||  
*↑
||  
*↑
||  
*N/A
|-
|-
| '''aPTT''' ||  
| '''aPTT''' ||  
*Normal
*Normal
*Reduces the Increase in [[PTT]] after administration of [[heparin]]  
*Reduces the Increase in [[PTT]] after administration of [[heparin]]  
|| ↑  
||  
|| Normal / ↑  
*↑  
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
||  
*Normal / ↑  
||  
*Normal / ↑
||  
*N/A
||  
*↑
||  
*↑
|-
|-
| '''Doppler ultrasound''' ||  
| '''Doppler ultrasound''' ||  
Line 306: Line 107:
*[[Hypercoagulation]]
*[[Hypercoagulation]]
*Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]  
*Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]  
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
||
*[[Hypercoagulation]]
*Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]
||  
* [[Proximal]] [[DVT]] is more commonly observed as compared to [[distal]] [[DVT]]
||  
* [[Portal vein thrombosis]] is observed in patients with coexistent [[hepatitis B]]
||  
* Increased impedance of [[flow]] in [[uterine]] [[arteries]] at 12-20 weeks of [[gestation]]
|-
|-
| '''Chest CT scan''' ||  
| '''Chest CT scan''' ||  
Line 313: Line 122:
||  
||  
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]  
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]  
|| * [[Venous thromboembolism]]
||  
* [[Venous thromboembolism]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]  
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]  
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
||  
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Thrombosis]] of [[superior mesenteric vein]]
||  
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
||  
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
||
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
|-
|-
| '''Gold standard''' ||  
| '''Gold standard''' ||  
Line 324: Line 142:
* [[Protein C]] functional [[assay]]
* [[Protein C]] functional [[assay]]
* [[ELISA]] [[assay]]: may produce [[false positive]] result in cross reaction with [[rheumatoid factor]]  
* [[ELISA]] [[assay]]: may produce [[false positive]] result in cross reaction with [[rheumatoid factor]]  
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
||  
* [[Protein S]] free [[antigen]] [[assay]]
||  
* Detection of [[mutation]] using [[restriction enzyme]] and [[PCR]]
* [[DNA testing]] for [[prothrombin G20210A mutation]]
||  
* N/A
||  
* [[Antiphospholipid antibody]]
* [[Anticardiolipin antibody]]
* [[Lupus anticoagulant]]
* Anti-β2GPI [[antibody]]
|-
|-
| '''Additional findings''' ||  
| '''Additional findings''' ||  
Line 332: Line 161:
||  
||  
*Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa  
*Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa  
|| * [[Factor VIII]] elevation in acute phase
||  
* [[Factor VIII]] elevation in acute phase
* Functional [[assay]] should not be performed if patient is on [[warfarin]]
* Functional [[assay]] should not be performed if patient is on [[warfarin]]
* [[Purpura fulminans]] ([[skin]] [[necrosis]]) could be a form of presentation
* [[Purpura fulminans]] ([[skin]] [[necrosis]]) could be a form of presentation
* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration  
* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration  
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
||  
* When performing the gold standard test, beware of interference from samples positive for [[Factor V]] [[mutation]], [[protein C deficiency]] and oral [[anticoagulants]] ([[rivaroxaban]])
* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration
* Suspected in patients with a strong family history of [[VTE]]
* [[Post phlebitic syndrome]] 
* [[Fetal]] loss
||  
* [[Mutation]] causes increased production of [[prothrombin]]
* Increased [[blood]] levels of [[prothrombin]] lead to [[venous]] clots in the [[circulatory system]]
* [[Hormonal]] [[oral contraceptive pills]] can increase the risk of [[VTE]]
||  
* Elevated [[fibrin degradation products]] ([[D-dimers]])
* Decreased [[fibrinogen]]
* Decreased [[factor V]] and VIII
* Shistocytes (helmet [[cells]]) on [[peripheral blood smear]]
* [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
||  
* Both, [[arterial]] and [[venous]] [[thrombosis]] can occur
* History of [[spontaneous abortions]]
* [[False positive]] [[VDRL]]
* [[Stroke]] and [[transient ischemic attack]] ([[TIA]]) are most common forms of presentation of [[arterial thrombosis]]
|}
|}



Latest revision as of 18:32, 26 February 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2], Sogand Goudarzi, MD [3], Asiri Ediriwickrema, M.D., M.H.S. [4], Jaspinder Kaur, MBBS[5]

Overview

Thrombophilias must be differentiated from other diseases that cause the following clinical presentations: family history of thrombosis, especially at an early age (< 45 years), unprovoked thrombosis at an early age (<40-55 for venous thrombosis and <50-55 for arterial thrombosis), recurrent thrombosis including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or superficial venous thrombosis.

Differential Diagnosis

Thrombophilias must be differentiated from other diseases that cause the following clinical presentations:[1][2]

Table 1: Differentiating different thrombophilias on the basis of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings

Characteristics Antithrombin III deficiency[3][4][5] Factor V Leiden mutation[6][7][8][9][10] Protein C deficiency[11][12][13] Protein S deficiency[13][14][15] Prothrombin gene mutation[16][17][18] Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)[19][20][21] Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome[22][23][24][25][26]
Symptoms of DVT + + + + + + +
Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism + + + + + + +
Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction - + - - - +/- +/-
Tenderness in extremities + + + + + + +
Edema in extremities + + + + + + +
Warmth in extremities + + + + + + +
PT
  • Normal
  • N/A
  • Normal
  • Normal
  • N/A
aPTT
  • Normal
  • Reduces the Increase in PTT after administration of heparin
  • Normal / ↑
  • Normal / ↑
  • N/A
Doppler ultrasound
Chest CT scan
Gold standard
  • N/A
  • N/A
Additional findings
  • Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa

References

  1. Cohoon KP, Heit JA (2014). "Inherited and secondary thrombophilia". Circulation. 129 (2): 254–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001943. PMC 3979345. PMID 24421360.
  2. Seligsohn U, Lubetsky A (2001). "Genetic susceptibility to venous thrombosis". N Engl J Med. 344 (16): 1222–31. doi:10.1056/NEJM200104193441607. PMID 11309638.
  3. Patnaik MM, Moll S (November 2008). "Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review". Haemophilia. 14 (6): 1229–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x. PMID 19141163.
  4. Al Hadidi, Samer; Wu, Kristi; Aburahma, Ahmed; Alamarat, Zain (2017). "Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency". BMJ Case Reports: bcr-2017–221556. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221556. ISSN 1757-790X.
  5. Konecny F (January 2009). "Inherited trombophilic states and pulmonary embolism". J Res Med Sci. 14 (1): 43–56. PMC 3129068. PMID 21772860.
  6. Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D (October 2010). "The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease". J. Thromb. Haemost. 8 (10): 2116–21. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x. PMID 20626623.
  7. Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P (December 2016). "Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden". Expert Rev Hematol. 9 (12): 1139–1149. doi:10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364. PMID 27797270.
  8. Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV (February 2004). "The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis". Haematologica. 89 (2): 201–6. PMID 15003896.
  9. Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.
  10. Press RD, Bauer KA, Kujovich JL, Heit JA (November 2002). "Clinical utility of factor V leiden (R506Q) testing for the diagnosis and management of thromboembolic disorders". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 126 (11): 1304–18. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1304:CUOFVL>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421138.
  11. Bernard Khor & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2010). "Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency". American journal of hematology. 85 (6): 440–442. doi:10.1002/ajh.21679. PMID 20309856. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. Pescatore SL (March 2001). "Clinical management of protein C deficiency". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2 (3): 431–9. doi:10.1517/14656566.2.3.431. PMID 11336597.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal, Segundo Moran, Roberto Corona-Cedillo & Rocio Brom-Valladares (2014). "Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient". World journal of hepatology. 6 (7): 532–537. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532. PMID 25068006. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. Kristi J. Smock, Elizabeth A. Plumhoff, Piet Meijer, Peihong Hsu, Nicole D. Zantek, Nahla M. Heikal & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2016). "Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories". Thrombosis and haemostasis. 116 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1160/TH15-12-0918. PMID 27075008. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. Ji M, Yoon SN, Lee W, Jang S, Park SH, Kim DY, Chun S, Min WK (October 2011). "Protein S deficiency with a PROS1 gene mutation in a patient presenting with mesenteric venous thrombosis following total colectomy". Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 22 (7): 619–21. doi:10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834a0421. PMID 21799399.
  16. Cooper PC, Rezende SM (2007). "An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations". Int J Lab Hematol. 29 (3): 153–62. doi:10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x. PMID 17474891.
  17. McGlennen RC, Key NS (2002). "Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126 (11): 1319–25. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421139.
  18. Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.
  19. Venugopal A (September 2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 603–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144666. PMC 4260307. PMID 25535423.
  20. Makruasi N (November 2015). "Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". J Med Assoc Thai. 98 Suppl 10: S45–51. PMID 27276832.
  21. Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T; et al. (2018). "The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B." Thromb Res. 161: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010. PMID 29178991.
  22. Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.
  23. Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG (October 2009). "Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis". J. Thromb. Haemost. 7 (10): 1737–40. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x. PMID 19624461.
  24. Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.
  25. Garcia D, Erkan D (2018). "Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome". N Engl J Med. 378 (21): 2010–2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1705454. PMID 29791828.
  26. Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J (2012). "[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]". Ginekol Pol. 83 (12): 916–21. PMID 23488294.

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