Tetralogy of fallot (patient information): Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{Tetralogy of fallot (patient information)}} | ||
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[ | '''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Tetralogy of fallot|here]]''' | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Associate | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh| Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]] [mailto:kfeeney@elon.edu] | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Tetralogy of Fallot refers to a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means present at birth. | Tetralogy of Fallot refers to a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means present at birth. | ||
==What are the symptoms of | ==What are the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?== | ||
* Clubbing of fingers (skin or bone enlargement around the fingernails) | |||
* Cyanosis, which becomes more pronounced when the baby is upset | |||
* Difficult feeding (poor feeding habits) | |||
* Failure to gain weight | |||
* Passing out | |||
* Poor development | |||
* Squatting during episodes of cyanosis | |||
==What causes Tetralogy of Fallot?== | ==What causes Tetralogy of Fallot?== | ||
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The classic form of tetralogy includes four related defects of the heart and its major blood vessels: | The classic form of tetralogy includes four related defects of the heart and its major blood vessels: | ||
* Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles) | |||
* Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs) | |||
* Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle | |||
* A thickened muscular wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy) | |||
At birth, infants may not show signs of cyanosis. However, later they may develop sudden episodes (called "Tet spells") of bluish skin from crying or feeding. | At birth, infants may not show signs of cyanosis. However, later they may develop sudden episodes (called "Tet spells") of bluish skin from crying or feeding. | ||
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Factors that increase the risk for this condition during pregnancy include: | Factors that increase the risk for this condition during pregnancy include: | ||
* Alcoholism in the mother | |||
* Diabetes | |||
* Mother who is over 40 years old | |||
* Poor nutrition during pregnancy | |||
* Rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy | |||
==Who is at highest risk?== | ==Who is at highest risk?== | ||
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Tests may include: | Tests may include: | ||
* Chest x-ray | |||
* Complete blood count (CBC) | |||
* Echocardiogram | |||
* Electrocardiogram (EKG) | |||
* MRI of the heart (generally after surgery) | |||
==Treatment options== | ==Treatment options== | ||
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Surgery to correct the problem may be done at a later time. Often only one corrective surgery is performed in the first few months of life. Corrective surgery is done to widen part of the narrowed pulmonary tract and close the ventricular septal defect. | Surgery to correct the problem may be done at a later time. Often only one corrective surgery is performed in the first few months of life. Corrective surgery is done to widen part of the narrowed pulmonary tract and close the ventricular septal defect. | ||
==Where to find medical care for Tetralogy of Fallot?== | |||
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Tetralogy of Fallot}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Tetralogy of Fallot] | |||
==Where to find medical care for | |||
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+ | |||
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ||
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==Possible complications== | ==Possible complications== | ||
* Delayed growth and development | |||
* Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) | |||
* Seizures during periods when there is not enough oxygen | |||
* Death | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
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[[Category:Pediatrics patient information]] | [[Category:Pediatrics patient information]] | ||
[[Category:Patient information]] | [[Category:Patient information]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Congenital disorders]] | |||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | |||
[[Category:Overview complete]] | [[Category:Overview complete]] | ||
[[Category:Template complete]] | [[Category:Template complete]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:22, 2 November 2012
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Tetralogy of Fallot |
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Tetralogy of Fallot On the Web |
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For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [3]
Overview
Tetralogy of Fallot refers to a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means present at birth.
What are the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?
- Clubbing of fingers (skin or bone enlargement around the fingernails)
- Cyanosis, which becomes more pronounced when the baby is upset
- Difficult feeding (poor feeding habits)
- Failure to gain weight
- Passing out
- Poor development
- Squatting during episodes of cyanosis
What causes Tetralogy of Fallot?
Tetralogy of Fallot is classified as a cyanotic heart defect because the condition causes low oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to the skin).
The classic form of tetralogy includes four related defects of the heart and its major blood vessels:
- Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles)
- Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs)
- Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle
- A thickened muscular wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy)
At birth, infants may not show signs of cyanosis. However, later they may develop sudden episodes (called "Tet spells") of bluish skin from crying or feeding.
Tetralogy of Fallot is rare, but it is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Patients with tetraology of Fallot have a higher incidence of major non-heart congenital defects.
The cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. Many factors seem to be involved.
Factors that increase the risk for this condition during pregnancy include:
- Alcoholism in the mother
- Diabetes
- Mother who is over 40 years old
- Poor nutrition during pregnancy
- Rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy
Who is at highest risk?
There is a high incidence of chromosomal disorders in children with Tetralogy of Fallot, such as Down syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome (a condition that causes heart defects, low calcium levels, and immune deficiency).
When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if new unexplained symptoms develop or the patient is having an episode of cyanosis (blue skin).
If a child with tetralogy of Fallot becomes blue, immediately place the child on his or her side or back and put the knees up to the chest. Calm the baby and seek medical attention immediately.
Diagnosis
A physical examination with a stethoscope almost always reveals a heart murmur.
Tests may include:
- Chest x-ray
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Echocardiogram
- Electrocardiogram (EKG)
- MRI of the heart (generally after surgery)
Treatment options
Surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot is done when the infant is very young. Sometimes more than one surgery is needed. When more than one surgery is used, the first surgery is done to help increase blood flow to the lungs.
Surgery to correct the problem may be done at a later time. Often only one corrective surgery is performed in the first few months of life. Corrective surgery is done to widen part of the narrowed pulmonary tract and close the ventricular septal defect.
Where to find medical care for Tetralogy of Fallot?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Tetralogy of Fallot
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Most cases can be corrected with surgery. Babies who have surgery usually do well. Ninety percent survive to adulthood and live active, healthy, and productive lives. Without surgery, death usually occurs by the time the person reaches age 20.
Patients who have continued, severe leakiness of the pulmonary valve may need to have the valve replaced.
Regular follow-up with a cardiologist to monitor for life-threatening arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) is recommended.
Possible complications
- Delayed growth and development
- Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
- Seizures during periods when there is not enough oxygen
- Death