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==Classification==
==Classification==
:* 1. '''World Health Organization classification of CNS Germ Cell Tumors'''<ref name="pmid9046301">{{cite journal| author=Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O, Funata N et al.| title=Primary intracranial germ cell tumors: a clinical analysis of 153 histologically verified cases. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 1997 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 446-55 | pmid=9046301 | doi=10.3171/jns.1997.86.3.0446 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9046301  }} </ref>
:* 1. '''World Health Organization classification of CNS Germ Cell Tumors'''<ref name="pmid9046301">{{cite journal| author=Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O, Funata N et al.| title=Primary intracranial germ cell tumors: a clinical analysis of 153 histologically verified cases. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 1997 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 446-55 | pmid=9046301 | doi=10.3171/jns.1997.86.3.0446 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9046301  }} </ref>
:::* Germinomas
:::* Germinomas
Line 61: Line 64:
:::* Others (e.g., malignant neuroectodermal and ependymoma).
:::* Others (e.g., malignant neuroectodermal and ependymoma).
:::* Mixed forms.
:::* Mixed forms.
Cellular Classification of Testicular Cancer


<ref>Woodward PJ, Heidenreich A, Looijenga LHJ, et al.: Germ cell tumours. In: Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, et al.: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2004, pp 221-49.</ref>
The following histologic classification of malignant testicular germ cell tumors (testicular cancer) reflects the classification used by the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] Less than 50% of malignant testicular germ cell tumors have a single cell type, of which roughly 50% are seminomas. The rest have more than one cell type, and the relative proportions of each cell type should be specified. The cell type of these tumors is important for estimating the risk of metastases and the response to chemotherapy. Polyembryoma presents an unusual growth pattern and is sometimes listed as a single histologic type, though it might better be regarded as a mixed tumor.[1-3]
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified.
Malignant pure germ cell tumor (showing a single-cell type):
Seminoma.
Embryonal carcinoma.
Teratoma.
Choriocarcinoma.
Yolk sac tumor.
Malignant mixed germ cell tumor (showing more than one histologic pattern):
Embryonal carcinoma and teratoma with or without seminoma.
Embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor with or without seminoma.
Embryonal carcinoma and seminoma.
Yolk sac tumor and teratoma with or without seminoma.
Choriocarcinoma and any other element.
Polyembryoma.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:17, 19 August 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [2]

Classification

  • 1. World Health Organization classification of CNS Germ Cell Tumors[1]
  • Germinomas
  • Nongerminomatous germ cell tumor (NGGCT) groups
  • Choriocarcinoma.
  • Embryonal carcinoma.
  • Mixed germ cell tumor.
  • Teratoma.
  • Immature.
  • Mature.
  • Teratoma with malignant transformation.
  • Yolk sac tumor.
  • 2. Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors classification
  • 2.1 GCTs arise from primordial germ cells, which migrate during embryogenesis from the yolk sac through the mesentery to the gonads.[2][3] Childhood extracranial GCTs can be divided into the following two types:
  • Gonadal.
  • Extragonadal.
  • 2.2 Most childhood extragonadal GCTs arise in midline sites (i.e., sacrococcygeal, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal); the midline location may represent aberrant embryonic migration of the primordial germ cells.Childhood extracranial GCTs are broadly classified as the following:
  • Mature teratomas.
  • Immature teratomas.
  • Malignant GCTs.
  • 2.3 GCTs comprise a variety of histologic diagnoses and can also be divided into the following histologic types:
  • Germinoma.
  • Germinoma.
  • Dysgerminoma (ovary).
  • Seminoma (testis).
  • Nongerminoma.
  • Teratoma (mature and immature).
  • Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor).
  • Choriocarcinoma.
  • Embryonal carcinoma.
  • Gonadoblastoma.
  • Mixed GCT
  • 2.4 Pediatric GCT Biology
  • The following biologically distinct subtypes of GCTs are found in children and adolescents:
  • Testicular GCTs.
  • Ovarian GCTs.
  • Extragonadal extracranial GCTs.
  • 3. Cellular Classification of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
  • The following histologic subtypes have been described.[4][5]
  • Dysgerminoma.
  • Other germ cell tumors:
  • Endodermal sinus tumor (rare subtypes are hepatoid and intestinal).
  • Embryonal carcinoma.
  • Polyembryoma.
  • Choriocarcinoma.
  • Teratoma:
  • Immature.
  • Mature:
  • Solid.
  • Cystic:
  • Dermoid cyst (mature cystic teratoma).
  • Dermoid cyst with malignant transformation.
  • Monodermal and highly specialized:
  • Struma ovarii.
  • Carcinoid.
  • Struma ovarii and carcinoid.
  • Others (e.g., malignant neuroectodermal and ependymoma).
  • Mixed forms.

Cellular Classification of Testicular Cancer

[6] The following histologic classification of malignant testicular germ cell tumors (testicular cancer) reflects the classification used by the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] Less than 50% of malignant testicular germ cell tumors have a single cell type, of which roughly 50% are seminomas. The rest have more than one cell type, and the relative proportions of each cell type should be specified. The cell type of these tumors is important for estimating the risk of metastases and the response to chemotherapy. Polyembryoma presents an unusual growth pattern and is sometimes listed as a single histologic type, though it might better be regarded as a mixed tumor.[1-3] Intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified. Malignant pure germ cell tumor (showing a single-cell type): Seminoma. Embryonal carcinoma. Teratoma. Choriocarcinoma. Yolk sac tumor. Malignant mixed germ cell tumor (showing more than one histologic pattern): Embryonal carcinoma and teratoma with or without seminoma. Embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor with or without seminoma. Embryonal carcinoma and seminoma. Yolk sac tumor and teratoma with or without seminoma. Choriocarcinoma and any other element. Polyembryoma.

References

  1. ↑ Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O, Funata N; et al. (1997). "Primary intracranial germ cell tumors: a clinical analysis of 153 histologically verified cases". J Neurosurg. 86 (3): 446–55. doi:10.3171/jns.1997.86.3.0446. PMID 9046301.
  2. ↑ Dehner LP (1983). "Gonadal and extragonadal germ cell neoplasia of childhood". Hum Pathol. 14 (6): 493–511. PMID 6343221.
  3. ↑ McIntyre A, Gilbert D, Goddard N, Looijenga L, Shipley J (2008). "Genes, chromosomes and the development of testicular germ cell tumors of adolescents and adults". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 47 (7): 547–57. doi:10.1002/gcc.20562. PMID 18381640.
  4. ↑ Gershenson DM (1993). "Update on malignant ovarian germ cell tumors". Cancer. 71 (4 Suppl): 1581–90. PMID 8381708.
  5. ↑ Serov SF, Scully RE, Robin IH: International Histologic Classification of Tumours: No. 9. Histological Typing of Ovarian Tumours. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1973.
  6. ↑ Woodward PJ, Heidenreich A, Looijenga LHJ, et al.: Germ cell tumours. In: Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, et al.: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2004, pp 221-49.
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