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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:agovi@wikidoc.org], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:ravitheja.g@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:agovi@wikidoc.org], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:ravitheja.g@gmail.com]
== Overview ==
== Overview ==
Squamous cell carcinoma is a locally invasive tumor that has the potential to become malignant, and can be treated successfully in up to 95% - 98% cases with a timely management. The available options for treatment are as follows;
Medical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma includes [[chemotherapy]] with [[cisplatin]], topical [[fluorouracil]], [[capecitabine]], [[methotrexate]], [[cetuximab]], [[bleomycin]] and [[doxorubicin]]. Other treatment modalities include [[cryotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]] and [[photodynamic therapy]].
* [[Cryotherapy]]
 
* [[Electrosurgery]] ([[curettage]] and electrodessication)
*  
* Topical therapy  ([[5-Flourouracil]], photodynamic therapy, and [[Imiquimod]] for cutaneous lesions.  
While systemic treatment includes;
* Radiation therapy
* Chemotherapy


== Medical Therapy ==
== Medical Therapy ==
Line 15: Line 11:


Characteristics that impact the risk for recurrence and metastasis include:<ref name="pmid27882625">{{cite journal| author=Skulsky SL, O'Sullivan B, McArdle O, Leader M, Roche M, Conlon PJ et al.| title=Review of high-risk features of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and discrepancies between the American Joint Committee on Cancer and NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology. | journal=Head Neck | year= 2017 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 578-594 | pmid=27882625 | doi=10.1002/hed.24580 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27882625  }}</ref>
Characteristics that impact the risk for recurrence and metastasis include:<ref name="pmid27882625">{{cite journal| author=Skulsky SL, O'Sullivan B, McArdle O, Leader M, Roche M, Conlon PJ et al.| title=Review of high-risk features of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and discrepancies between the American Joint Committee on Cancer and NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology. | journal=Head Neck | year= 2017 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 578-594 | pmid=27882625 | doi=10.1002/hed.24580 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27882625  }}</ref>
* Location of tumor
* Location of [[tumor]]
* Tumor depth ( > 2mm) and size
*[[Tumor]] depth ( > 2mm) and size
* Immunosuppressed patients
*[[Immunosuppression|Immunosuppressed]] patients
* Site of previous radiotherapy
* Site of previous [[radiotherapy]]
* Chronic inflammation
*[[Chronic inflammation]]
* Rapidly growing tumor
* Rapidly growing [[tumor]]
* Neurologic symptoms
*[[Neurological|Neurologic]] [[symptoms]]
* Poorly differentiated tumor
* Poorly differentiated [[tumor]]
* Acantholytic (adenoid), adenosquamous, desmoplastic, or metaplastic (carcinosarcomatous) subtypes
*[[Acanthocytes|Acantholytic]] (adenoid), adenosquamous, desmoplastic, or metaplastic (carcinosarcomatous) subtypes
* Lymph node involvement
*[[Lymph node]] involvement
 
Medical care of [[squamous cell carcinoma]] (SCC) includes cryosurgery, electrosurgery, radiation therapy and topical treatment for cutaneous lesions, and chemotherapy for systemic disease.
 
* [[Cryotherapy]] destroys malignant cells by freezing them and then allowing them to thaw. It is useful for small, well-defined, low-risk invasive SCCs, and for [[Bowen's disease]]. In cryosurgery, liquid nitrogen is applied to the tumor and a surrounding rim of normal-appearing skin (usually ≥3 mm). The frozen area is then allowed to thaw unaided. In most cases, the tumor is refrozen to complete two freeze-thaw cycles; for Bowen's disease, a single freeze-thaw cycle may be sufficient.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holt PJ |title=Cryotherapy for skin cancer: results over a 5-year period using liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=231–40 |year=1988 |month=August |pmid=3166941 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.Tumor cell death is due to the formation of intracellular and extracellular ice crystals, hypertonicity, disruption of the phospholipid membrane, and vascular stasis. Cryotherapy is a quick procedure and is cost-effective. This therapy is not indicated for large recurrent lesions, deeply invasive lesions, and other high risk SCC.
 
* [[Electrosurgery]] is usually employed if the lesion is small, well defined and located in non-critical areas of the body. It is also cost-effective, gives favorable cosmetic results and has a low complication rate. The procedure is performed by alternatively curetting away tumor and then electrodessicating the ulcer base with inclusion of a rim of normal surrounding skin. Cure rates of nearly 96% can be achieved with this treatment provide the lesion is small and well defined. This treatment should be avoided on the mid-face region. It is contraindicated in recurrent, large, poorly defined, and other high risk SCCs.


* Topical [[5-fluorouracil]] (5-FU) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of [[actinic keratoses]]. Although topical 5-FU is not approved for the treatment of SCC in situ, it is widely used for this indication when other treatment modalities are impractical and for patients who refuse surgical treatment. It is especially valuable for situations in which postoperative healing is compromised, such as in lesions that involve the lower extremity in elderly patients or those with venous stasis disease. Topical 5-FU is also useful to treat the widespread SCC in situ lesions that may occur in [[arsenical dermatitis]] or [[xeroderma pigmentosum]] (XP).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mackenzie-Wood A, Kossard S, de Launey J, Wilkinson B, Owens ML |title=Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=462–70 |year=2001 |month=March |pmid=11209116 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.111335 |url=}}</ref> Topical 5-FU is available in 0.5%, 1% and 5% concentrations. 1% and 0.5% are used for actinic keratosis. 5% cream is used twice daily for 4 - 8 weeks in the treatment of SCC in situ. Cure rates of up to 85% were achieved in one study with this type of treatment. For recurrent disease, courses are repeated. [[5-FU]] gives favorable cosmetic results, but is contraindicated in invasive lesions.
According to the 2018 NCCN guidelines and in order to determine the approach to treatment, low risk and high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma can be categorized as follows:<ref name="pmid27882625">{{cite journal| author=Skulsky SL, O'Sullivan B, McArdle O, Leader M, Roche M, Conlon PJ et al.| title=Review of high-risk features of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and discrepancies between the American Joint Committee on Cancer and NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology. | journal=Head Neck | year= 2017 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 578-594 | pmid=27882625 | doi=10.1002/hed.24580 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27882625  }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Low risk of cutaneous SCC
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |High risk of cutaneous SCC
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Well-defined, primary lesions <20 mm located on trunk or extremities (excluding pretibia, hands, feet, nail units, and ankles)
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Lesions ≥20 mm located on trunk or extremities (excluding pretibia, hands, feet, nail units, and ankles)
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Well-defined, primary lesions <10 mm located on cheeks, forehead, scalp, neck, and pretibia
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Lesions ≥10 mm located on cheeks, forehead, scalp, neck, and pretibia
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Primary tumor
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Lesions of any size located in the "mask area" (ie, central face, eyelids, eyebrows, periorbital, temple, nose, lips, chin, mandible, pre- and postauricular), genitalia, hands, and feet
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Histopathologically well or moderately differentiated tumor, <2 mm in thickness, without perineural, lymphatic, or vascular invasion
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Histopathologically poorly differentiated tumor, ≥2 mm in thickness, with perineural, lymphatic, or vascular invasion
|}


* [[Photodynamic therapy]] is another form of medical therapy used for lesions on the face and scalp. The therapy is performed by applying a photosensitizing agent, such as topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to the growths. The agent is taken up by the abnormal cells, and the medicated areas are subsequently activated by a strong light. This treatment selectively destroys the abnormal cells of the squamous cell carcinoma while causing minimal damage to the surrounding normal tissue. It is especially effective in early, non-invasive lesions, and is not recommended in invasive lesions. It is performed in the physicians’ office and the patients must avoid sunlight for 48 hrs after the photosensitizing agent is applied on the lesions. This form of treatment is yet to be approved by the FDA.
Medical care of [[squamous cell carcinoma]] of the skin includes cryosurgery, electrosurgery, radiation therapy and topical treatment for cutaneous lesions, and chemotherapy for systemic disease.
* '''[[Chemotherapy]]'''
** Used for patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that cannot be adequately managed with surgical excision or radiation therapy or in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.
** Chemotherapeutic agents used:
***[[Cisplatin]]
***[[Topical]] [[fluorouracil]]
***[[Capecitabine]]
***[[Methotrexate]]
***[[Cetuximab]]
***[[Bleomycin]]
***[[Doxorubicin]]
**[[Cisplatin]] and [[carboplatin]] have been used as chemosensitizing agents in conjunction with [[radiation therapy]] for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin arising in noncutaneous sites. However, an additional benefit with these agents has not been demonstrated in patients with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.


* [[Imiquimod]] is a topical immune response modifier approved by the FDA for the treatment of anogenital warts and [[actinic keratoses]] and has been used in the treatment of SCC in situ. It works by stimulating local cytokine production, cell-mediated immunity, and possibly promotes apoptosis. It is applied daily for 6 - 16 weeks. In case of failure with monotherapy it can be combined with 5-FU. It is not approved by FDA for treatment of SCC in situ.
* [[Cryotherapy|'''Cryotherapy''']]<ref name="pmid3166941">{{cite journal| author=Holt PJ| title=Cryotherapy for skin cancer: results over a 5-year period using liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1988 | volume= 119 | issue= 2 | pages= 231-40 | pmid=3166941 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3166941  }}</ref>
** Destroys [[malignant]] cells by freezing them and then allowing them to thaw.
** Useful for small, well-defined, low-risk invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and for [[Bowen's disease]]
** Liquid nitrogen is applied to the tumor and a surrounding rim of normal-appearing skin (usually ≥3 mm).
** Tumor cell death is due to the formation of [[intracellular]] and [[extracellular]] ice crystals, [[Hypertonic|hypertonicity]], disruption of the [[phospholipid membrane]], and [[vascular]] [[Stasis (medicine)|stasis]].
** Quick procedure and cost-effective
** Not indicated for large recurrent lesions, deeply invasive lesions, and other high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma


* [[Radiation therapy]] is an excellent choice for the management of initial small well defined lesions, especially primary SCCs in older individuals and those who are not candidates for surgical procedures. This form of treatment is administered in a fractionated form requiring nearly 30 treatments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lovett RD, Perez CA, Shapiro SJ, Garcia DM |title=External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=235–42 |year=1990 |month=August |pmid=2394605 |doi= |url=}}</ref> For low risk lesions the cure rate approaches nearly 90%. The main advantage of this kind of treatment is sparing of the surrounding normal healthy skin, thus providing superior cosmetic benefits. [[Radiotherapy]] is contraindicated in
* '''Topical [[5-fluorouracil]] (5-FU)'''<ref name="pmid11369927">{{cite journal| author=Hamouda B, Jamila Z, Najet R, Slim T, Rafiaa N, Noureddine B et al.| title=Topical 5-fluorouracil to treat multiple or unresectable facial squamous cell carcinomas in xeroderma pigmentosum. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 1054 | pmid=11369927 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11369927  }}</ref>  
** Tumors located on the trunk, extremities, ear and nose.
** Is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of [[actinic keratoses]].
** Patients younger than 40-50 years.
** Although topical 5-FU is not approved for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ, it is widely used for this indication when other treatment modalities are impractical and for patients who refuse surgical treatment.
** Recurrent SCCs that have previously been irradiated.
** It is especially valuable for situations in which postoperative healing is compromised, such as in lesions that involve the lower extremity in elderly patients or those with venous stasis disease.
** Cancers with large and poorly defined lesions, and other high risk SCCs.
**[[Topical]] 5-FU is also useful to treat the widespread cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ lesions that may occur in [[arsenical dermatitis]] or [[xeroderma pigmentosum]] (XP).<ref name="pmid11209116">{{cite journal| author=Mackenzie-Wood A, Kossard S, de Launey J, Wilkinson B, Owens ML| title=Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 44 | issue= 3 | pages= 462-70 | pmid=11209116 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.111335 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11209116  }}</ref>
In [[nasopharyngeal]] squamous cell carcinoma, [[radiotherapy]] is the mainstay of treatment along with [[chemotherapy]] in advanced lesions. Radiotherapy is administered to the tumor volume and also to the adjoining lymph nodes. A multi-institutional study showed that a dose of at least 66 Gy to the gross disease is needed for optimal control of the lesion. This kind of treatment is usually administered along with Cisplatin and 5-FU.
** Topical 5-FU is available in 0.5%, 1% and 5% concentrations.
*** 1% and 0.5% are used for actinic keratosis.  
**** 5% cream is used twice daily for 4 - 8 weeks in the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ.
** Cure rates of up to 85% were achieved in one study with this type of treatment. For recurrent disease, courses are repeated.
**[[5-FU]] gives favorable cosmetic results, but is contraindicated in invasive lesions.


* Systemic [[chemotherapy]] is used in advanced metastatic lesions which cannot be treated with radiotherapy and surgery. [[Cisplatin]] combination regimens are particularly effective in the treatment of SCC of skin and lip. The combination of [[cisplatin]] and [[bleomycin]] seems to be very effective.
* [[Radiation therapy|'''Radiation therapy''']]
** In high-risk cSCC, [[radiation therapy]] is not routinely utilized as monotherapy given the higher rate of local recurrence (15 to 20 percent or greater) compared with surgery with or without postoperative [[radiation therapy]].<ref name="pmid20870631">{{cite journal| author=Miller SJ, Alam M, Andersen J, Berg D, Bichakjian CK, Bowen G et al.| title=Basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. | journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw | year= 2010 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 836-64 | pmid=20870631 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20870631  }}</ref>
** Is an excellent choice for the management of initial small well defined lesions, especially primary SCCs in older individuals and those who are not candidates for surgical procedures. This form of treatment is administered in a fractionated form requiring nearly 30 treatments.<ref name="pmid2394605">{{cite journal| author=Lovett RD, Perez CA, Shapiro SJ, Garcia DM| title=External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer. | journal=Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | year= 1990 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 235-42 | pmid=2394605 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2394605  }}</ref>
** For low risk lesions the cure rate approaches nearly 90%. The main advantage of this kind of treatment is sparing of the surrounding normal healthy skin, thus providing superior cosmetic benefits. [[Radiotherapy]] is contraindicated in:<ref name="pmid15380573">{{cite journal| author=Kwan W, Wilson D, Moravan V| title=Radiotherapy for locally advanced basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. | journal=Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | year= 2004 | volume= 60 | issue= 2 | pages= 406-11 | pmid=15380573 | doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.03.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15380573  }}</ref>
*** Tumors located on the trunk, extremities, ear and nose.
*** Patients younger than 40-50 years.
*** Recurrent SCCs that have previously been irradiated.
*** Cancers with large and poorly defined lesions, and other high risk SCCs.
* '''Photodynamic therapy'''
** Based upon the ability of porphyrins to produce [[cytotoxicity]] in the presence of [[oxygen]] after stimulation by light of an appropriate wavelength
** Not recommended for the treatment of invasive [[cutaneous]] squamous cell carcinoma, due to high recurrence rates associated with [[photodynamic therapy]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 04:02, 14 October 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Medical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma includes chemotherapy with cisplatin, topical fluorouracil, capecitabine, methotrexate, cetuximab, bleomycin and doxorubicin. Other treatment modalities include cryotherapy, radiation therapy and photodynamic therapy.

Medical Therapy

Once the diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been established by skin biopsy and histopathologic examination, the assessment of the risk of locoregional recurrence and regional or distant metastasis is the most important step to determine the treatment approach.

Characteristics that impact the risk for recurrence and metastasis include:[1]

According to the 2018 NCCN guidelines and in order to determine the approach to treatment, low risk and high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma can be categorized as follows:[1]

Low risk of cutaneous SCC High risk of cutaneous SCC
Well-defined, primary lesions <20 mm located on trunk or extremities (excluding pretibia, hands, feet, nail units, and ankles) Lesions ≥20 mm located on trunk or extremities (excluding pretibia, hands, feet, nail units, and ankles)
Well-defined, primary lesions <10 mm located on cheeks, forehead, scalp, neck, and pretibia Lesions ≥10 mm located on cheeks, forehead, scalp, neck, and pretibia
Primary tumor Lesions of any size located in the "mask area" (ie, central face, eyelids, eyebrows, periorbital, temple, nose, lips, chin, mandible, pre- and postauricular), genitalia, hands, and feet
Histopathologically well or moderately differentiated tumor, <2 mm in thickness, without perineural, lymphatic, or vascular invasion Histopathologically poorly differentiated tumor, ≥2 mm in thickness, with perineural, lymphatic, or vascular invasion

Medical care of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin includes cryosurgery, electrosurgery, radiation therapy and topical treatment for cutaneous lesions, and chemotherapy for systemic disease.

  • Chemotherapy
    • Used for patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that cannot be adequately managed with surgical excision or radiation therapy or in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.
    • Chemotherapeutic agents used:
    • Cisplatin and carboplatin have been used as chemosensitizing agents in conjunction with radiation therapy for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin arising in noncutaneous sites. However, an additional benefit with these agents has not been demonstrated in patients with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Cryotherapy[2]
    • Destroys malignant cells by freezing them and then allowing them to thaw.
    • Useful for small, well-defined, low-risk invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and for Bowen's disease
    • Liquid nitrogen is applied to the tumor and a surrounding rim of normal-appearing skin (usually ≥3 mm).
    • Tumor cell death is due to the formation of intracellular and extracellular ice crystals, hypertonicity, disruption of the phospholipid membrane, and vascular stasis.
    • Quick procedure and cost-effective
    • Not indicated for large recurrent lesions, deeply invasive lesions, and other high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
  • Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)[3]
    • Is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of actinic keratoses.
    • Although topical 5-FU is not approved for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ, it is widely used for this indication when other treatment modalities are impractical and for patients who refuse surgical treatment.
    • It is especially valuable for situations in which postoperative healing is compromised, such as in lesions that involve the lower extremity in elderly patients or those with venous stasis disease.
    • Topical 5-FU is also useful to treat the widespread cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ lesions that may occur in arsenical dermatitis or xeroderma pigmentosum (XP).[4]
    • Topical 5-FU is available in 0.5%, 1% and 5% concentrations.
      • 1% and 0.5% are used for actinic keratosis.
        • 5% cream is used twice daily for 4 - 8 weeks in the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ.
    • Cure rates of up to 85% were achieved in one study with this type of treatment. For recurrent disease, courses are repeated.
    • 5-FU gives favorable cosmetic results, but is contraindicated in invasive lesions.
  • Radiation therapy
    • In high-risk cSCC, radiation therapy is not routinely utilized as monotherapy given the higher rate of local recurrence (15 to 20 percent or greater) compared with surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy.[5]
    • Is an excellent choice for the management of initial small well defined lesions, especially primary SCCs in older individuals and those who are not candidates for surgical procedures. This form of treatment is administered in a fractionated form requiring nearly 30 treatments.[6]
    • For low risk lesions the cure rate approaches nearly 90%. The main advantage of this kind of treatment is sparing of the surrounding normal healthy skin, thus providing superior cosmetic benefits. Radiotherapy is contraindicated in:[7]
      • Tumors located on the trunk, extremities, ear and nose.
      • Patients younger than 40-50 years.
      • Recurrent SCCs that have previously been irradiated.
      • Cancers with large and poorly defined lesions, and other high risk SCCs.
  • Photodynamic therapy
    • Based upon the ability of porphyrins to produce cytotoxicity in the presence of oxygen after stimulation by light of an appropriate wavelength
    • Not recommended for the treatment of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, due to high recurrence rates associated with photodynamic therapy

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Skulsky SL, O'Sullivan B, McArdle O, Leader M, Roche M, Conlon PJ; et al. (2017). "Review of high-risk features of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and discrepancies between the American Joint Committee on Cancer and NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology". Head Neck. 39 (3): 578–594. doi:10.1002/hed.24580. PMID 27882625.
  2. ↑ Holt PJ (1988). "Cryotherapy for skin cancer: results over a 5-year period using liquid nitrogen spray cryosurgery". Br J Dermatol. 119 (2): 231–40. PMID 3166941.
  3. ↑ Hamouda B, Jamila Z, Najet R, Slim T, Rafiaa N, Noureddine B; et al. (2001). "Topical 5-fluorouracil to treat multiple or unresectable facial squamous cell carcinomas in xeroderma pigmentosum". J Am Acad Dermatol. 44 (6): 1054. PMID 11369927.
  4. ↑ Mackenzie-Wood A, Kossard S, de Launey J, Wilkinson B, Owens ML (2001). "Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease". J Am Acad Dermatol. 44 (3): 462–70. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.111335. PMID 11209116.
  5. ↑ Miller SJ, Alam M, Andersen J, Berg D, Bichakjian CK, Bowen G; et al. (2010). "Basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers". J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 8 (8): 836–64. PMID 20870631.
  6. ↑ Lovett RD, Perez CA, Shapiro SJ, Garcia DM (1990). "External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 19 (2): 235–42. PMID 2394605.
  7. ↑ Kwan W, Wilson D, Moravan V (2004). "Radiotherapy for locally advanced basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 60 (2): 406–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.03.006. PMID 15380573.


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