Small cell carcinoma of the lung historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Laennec first recognized lung cancer as a separate disease in 1815, in his work "Encephaloides" published in the ''Dictionnaire des sciences médicales''.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref> Azzopardi, in 1959, distinguished small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from anaplastic adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and described the clinical and biological features that characterize it as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid13795444">{{cite journal| author=AZZOPARDI JG| title=Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. | journal=J Pathol Bacteriol | year= 1959 | volume= 78 | issue=  | pages= 513-9 | pmid=13795444 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13795444  }} </ref>
Laennec first recognized lung cancer as a separate disease in 1815, in his work "Encephaloides" published in the ''Dictionnaire des sciences médicales''. Azzopardi, in 1959, distinguished small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from [[anaplastic]] [[adenocarcinoma]] and [[squamous cell carcinoma]] and described the clinical and biological features that characterize it as a separate disease.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Important landmarks in the history of small cell carcinoma of the lung include the following:
Important landmarks in the history of small cell carcinoma of the lung include the following:


*1492: Christopher Columbus received [[tobacco]] as a gift, among other things, from the Native Americans.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal|author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 |pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*In 1492 Christopher Columbus received [[tobacco]] as a gift, among other things, from the Native Americans.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1500s: Tobacco reached Europe and its use spreads.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*In the 1500s [[tobacco]] reached Europe and its use spread to different countries.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1815: Laennec recognized lung cancer as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*In 1815, Laennec recognized lung cancer as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1926: Barnard observed that  "oat-celled sarcomas of the [[mediastinum]]" were indeed lung [[neoplasms]].<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>   
*In 1926, Barnard observed that  "oat-celled sarcomas of the [[mediastinum]]" were indeed lung [[neoplasms]].<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>   
*1950: Doll and Hill described an association between [[smoking]] and lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14772469">{{cite journal| author=DOLL R, HILL AB|title=Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1950 | volume= 2 | issue= 4682 | pages= 739-48 |pmid=14772469 | doi= | pmc=PMC2038856 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14772469  }} </ref>
*In 1950, Doll and Hill described an association between [[smoking]] and lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14772469">{{cite journal| author=DOLL R, HILL AB|title=Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1950 | volume= 2 | issue= 4682 | pages= 739-48 |pmid=14772469 | doi= | pmc=PMC2038856 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14772469  }} </ref>
*1959-1962: Small cell lung cancer was recognized as separate from other types of lung cancers. Azzopardi described it microscopically and named six characteristic features of it.<ref name="pmid13795444">{{cite journal| author=AZZOPARDI JG| title=Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. | journal=J Pathol Bacteriol| year= 1959 | volume= 78 | issue=  | pages= 513-9 | pmid=13795444 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13795444  }} </ref> The term "small cell carcinoma" began to become more popular between American authors, while Europeans continued to call it "oat cell carcinoma", because of the resemblance to oat grains.<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>
*From 1959-1962, small cell lung cancer was recognized as separate from other types of [[Lung cancer|lung cancers]]. Azzopardi described it microscopically and named six characteristic features of it.<ref name="pmid13795444">{{cite journal| author=AZZOPARDI JG| title=Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. | journal=J Pathol Bacteriol | year= 1959 | volume= 78 | issue=  | pages= 513-9 | pmid=13795444 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13795444  }} </ref> The term "small cell carcinoma" began to become more popular among American authors, while Europeans continued to call it "[[oat cell carcinoma]]", because of the resemblance to oat grains.<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>
*1962: Watson and Berg described the unique features of small cell lung cancer, and proposed that small cell lung cancer should  be classified separately from other subtypes of lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14005321">{{cite journal| author=WATSON WL, BERG JW| title=Oat cell lung cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1962 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 759-68 | pmid=14005321 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14005321  }} </ref>
*In 1962, Watson and Berg described the unique features of small cell lung cancer, and proposed that small cell lung cancer should  be classified separately from other subtypes of [[lung cancer]].<ref name="pmid14005321">{{cite journal| author=WATSON WL, BERG JW| title=Oat cell lung cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1962 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 759-68 | pmid=14005321 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14005321  }} </ref>
*1969: Green et al demonstrated a statistically significant survival benefit of [[cyclophosphamide]] in lung cancer patients.<ref name="pmid5791000">{{cite journal| author=Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME| title=Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1969 | volume= 46 | issue= 4 | pages= 516-25 | pmid=5791000 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5791000  }} </ref>
*In 1969, Green et al demonstrated a [[statistically significant]] survival benefit of [[cyclophosphamide]] in [[lung cancer]] patients.<ref name="pmid5791000">{{cite journal| author=Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME| title=Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1969 | volume= 46 | issue= 4 | pages= 516-25 | pmid=5791000 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5791000  }} </ref>
*1970s: It was observed that combination therapy is superior compared with single-agent therapy.<ref name="pmid224997">{{cite journal|author=Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR| title=The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. | journal=Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 406-13 | pmid=224997 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=224997  }} </ref>
*During the 1970's it was observed that combination therapy is superior compared with single-agent therapy.<ref name="pmid224997">{{cite journal|author=Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR| title=The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. | journal=Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 406-13 | pmid=224997 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=224997  }} </ref>
*1970s: Due to  less than 5 % survival rate at 5 years, the surgery for small cell lung cancer was abandoned.<ref>Fox W, Scadding JG. Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of bronchus: ten-year follow-up. Lancet1973;2: 63–65.</ref><ref>Mountain CF. Clinical biology of small cell carcinoma: relationship to surgical therapy. Semin Oncol 1978; 5: 272–79</ref>  
*Due to  less than 5 % [[survival rate]] at 5 years, [[surgery]] for small cell lung cancer was abandoned.<ref>Fox W, Scadding JG. Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of bronchus: ten-year follow-up. Lancet1973;2: 63–65.</ref><ref>Mountain CF. Clinical biology of small cell carcinoma: relationship to surgical therapy. Semin Oncol 1978; 5: 272–79</ref>
*1979: Concurrent [[chemotherapy]] with [[cyclophosphamide]]/[[doxorubicin]]/[[vincristine]] and radiation was tested, resulting in high toxicity but 100% complete remissions and projected 80% long-term survival.<ref name="pmid219690">{{cite journal| author=Greco FA, Richardson RL, Snell JD, Stroup SL, Oldham RK| title=Small cell lung cancer. Complete remission and improved survival. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1979 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=219690 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=219690  }} </ref>
*In 1979, concurrent [[chemotherapy]] with [[cyclophosphamide]]/[[doxorubicin]]/[[vincristine]] and [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] was tested, resulting in high [[toxicity]] but 100% complete [[Remission (medicine)|remissions]] and projected 80% long-term survival.<ref name="pmid219690">{{cite journal| author=Greco FA, Richardson RL, Snell JD, Stroup SL, Oldham RK| title=Small cell lung cancer. Complete remission and improved survival. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1979 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=219690 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=219690  }} </ref>
*1980s: Regimens built around [[etoposide]] become the treatment of choice.<ref name="pmid3020700">{{cite journal| author=Bunn PA, Greco FA, Einhorn L| title=Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=Semin Oncol |year= 1986 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 Suppl 3 | pages= 45-53 | pmid=3020700 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3020700  }} </ref>
*During the 1980's, regimens built around [[etoposide]] become the treatment of choice.<ref name="pmid3020700">{{cite journal| author=Bunn PA, Greco FA, Einhorn L| title=Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=Semin Oncol |year= 1986 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 Suppl 3 | pages= 45-53 | pmid=3020700 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3020700  }} </ref>
*1981: The WHO classified small cell lung cancer into three subtypes: (1) oat cell carcinoma (2) intermediate cell type, and (3) combined oat cell carcinoma.<ref name="pmid7064914">{{cite journal| author=| title=The World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1982 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 123-36 | pmid=7064914 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7064914  }} </ref>
*In 1981, the [[World Health Organization]] ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]) classified small cell lung cancer into three subtypes namely, [[oat cell carcinoma]], intermediate cell type, and combined oat cell carcinoma.<ref name="pmid7064914">{{cite journal| author=| title=The World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1982 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 123-36 | pmid=7064914 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7064914  }} </ref>
*1988: The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed that the intermediate cell type category be eliminated, and a new category, "mixed" small/large-cell carcinoma, was added.<ref name="pmid2842029">{{cite journal| author=Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF et al.| title=Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. | journal=Cancer |year= 1988 | volume= 62 | issue= 5 | pages= 973-7 | pmid=2842029 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2842029  }} </ref> But, because there were problems in reproductibility of all these subtypes, combined small cell lung cancer is the only subtype in the new WHO/IASLC classification.<ref name="pmid10929757">{{cite journal| author=Junker K, Wiethege T, Müller KM| title=Pathology of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 126 | issue= 7 | pages= 361-8 | pmid=10929757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10929757  }} </ref>
*In 1988, The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed that the intermediate cell type category be eliminated, and a new category, "mixed" small/large-cell carcinoma, was added.<ref name="pmid2842029">{{cite journal| author=Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF et al.| title=Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. | journal=Cancer |year= 1988 | volume= 62 | issue= 5 | pages= 973-7 | pmid=2842029 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2842029  }} </ref> But, because there were problems in reproductibility of all these subtypes, combined small cell lung cancer is the only subtype in the new [[World Health Organization|WHO]]/IASLC classification.<ref name="pmid10929757">{{cite journal| author=Junker K, Wiethege T, Müller KM| title=Pathology of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 126 | issue= 7 | pages= 361-8 | pmid=10929757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10929757  }} </ref>
*1990s: The first lung cancer with identified genetic abnormalities in [[oncogenes]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]].<ref name="pmid1312896">{{cite journal| author=Miller CW, Simon K, Aslo A, Kok K, Yokota J, Buys CH et al.| title=p53 mutations in human lung tumors. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 1992 | volume= 52 | issue= 7 | pages= 1695-8 | pmid=1312896 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1312896  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9192669">{{cite journal| author=Helin K, Holm K, Niebuhr A, Eiberg H, Tommerup N, Hougaard S et al.| title=Loss of the retinoblastoma protein-related p130 protein in small cell lung carcinoma. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1997 | volume= 94 | issue= 13 | pages= 6933-8 | pmid=9192669 | doi= | pmc=PMC21262 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9192669  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10595998">{{cite journal| author=Fong KM, Sekido Y, Minna JD| title=Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1136-52 | pmid=10595998 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10595998  }} </ref>
*During 1990's, the first case of [[lung cancer]] with identified [[Genetics|genetic]] abnormalities in [[oncogenes]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]].<ref name="pmid1312896">{{cite journal| author=Miller CW, Simon K, Aslo A, Kok K, Yokota J, Buys CH et al.| title=p53 mutations in human lung tumors. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 1992 | volume= 52 | issue= 7 | pages= 1695-8 | pmid=1312896 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1312896  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9192669">{{cite journal| author=Helin K, Holm K, Niebuhr A, Eiberg H, Tommerup N, Hougaard S et al.| title=Loss of the retinoblastoma protein-related p130 protein in small cell lung carcinoma. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1997 | volume= 94 | issue= 13 | pages= 6933-8 | pmid=9192669 | doi= | pmc=PMC21262 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9192669  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10595998">{{cite journal| author=Fong KM, Sekido Y, Minna JD| title=Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1136-52 | pmid=10595998 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10595998  }} </ref>
*1993: First published genome-wide analyssis of a lung cancer was in a small cell lung cancer line from a 55-year-old man.<ref name="pmid16616798">{{cite journal| author=Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N et al.| title=Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro. | journal=Lung Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-90 | pmid=16616798 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616798  }} </ref>
*In 1993, the first published [[Genome-wide association study|genome-wide analysis]] of a [[lung cancer]] was in a small cell lung cancer line from a 55-year-old man.<ref name="pmid16616798">{{cite journal| author=Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N et al.| title=Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro. | journal=Lung Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-90 | pmid=16616798 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616798  }} </ref>
*1999: Prophylactic cranial irradiation is recognized as routine.<ref name="pmid10441603">{{cite journal| author=Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ et al.| title=Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 341 | issue= 7 | pages= 476-84 |pmid=10441603 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199908123410703 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10441603  }} </ref>
*In 1999, [[prophylactic]] [[cranial]] [[irradiation]] is recognized as q routine.<ref name="pmid10441603">{{cite journal| author=Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ et al.| title=Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 341 | issue= 7 | pages= 476-84 |pmid=10441603 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199908123410703 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10441603  }} </ref>
*2002: [[Etoposide]]/cysplatin were found to be superior to [[cyclophosphamide]]/epitubicin/[[vincristine]] <ref name="pmid12488411">{{cite journal| author=Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebø U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R et al.| title=Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 24 | pages= 4665-72 | pmid=12488411 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12488411  }} </ref>
*In 2002,  [[Etoposide]]/cysplatin were found to be superior to [[cyclophosphamide]]/[[epirubicin]]/[[vincristine]] <ref name="pmid12488411">{{cite journal| author=Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebø U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R et al.| title=Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 24 | pages= 4665-72 | pmid=12488411 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12488411  }} </ref>
*2006: "[[Sonic hedgehog]]" pathway related to the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer.<ref name="pmid16616798">{{cite journal| author=Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N et al.| title=Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro. | journal=Lung Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-90 | pmid=16616798 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616798  }} </ref>   
*In 2006, the "[[Sonic hedgehog]]" pathway related to the [[pathogenesis]] of small cell lung cancer.<ref name="pmid16616798">{{cite journal| author=Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N et al.| title=Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro. | journal=Lung Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-90 | pmid=16616798 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616798  }} </ref>   
*2010: Signatures of tobacco exposure were found in thousands of mutations in a small cell lung cancer genome.<ref name="pmid20016488">{{cite journal| author=Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O'Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D et al.| title=A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. | journal=Nature | year= 2010 | volume= 463 | issue= 7278 | pages= 184-90 | pmid=20016488 | doi=10.1038/nature08629 | pmc=PMC2880489 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20016488  }} </ref>
*In 2010, signatures of [[tobacco]] exposure were found in thousands of [[mutations]] in a small cell lung cancer [[genome]].<ref name="pmid20016488">{{cite journal| author=Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O'Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D et al.| title=A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. | journal=Nature | year= 2010 | volume= 463 | issue= 7278 | pages= 184-90 | pmid=20016488 | doi=10.1038/nature08629 | pmc=PMC2880489 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20016488  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 13:56, 28 March 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2] Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [3]

Overview

Laennec first recognized lung cancer as a separate disease in 1815, in his work "Encephaloides" published in the Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Azzopardi, in 1959, distinguished small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from anaplastic adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and described the clinical and biological features that characterize it as a separate disease.

Historical Perspective

Important landmarks in the history of small cell carcinoma of the lung include the following:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 ROSENBLATT MB (1964). "LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY". Bull Hist Med. 38: 395–425. PMID 14213122.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barnard, W. G. (1926). "The nature of the "oat-celled sarcoma" of the mediastinum". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 29 (3): 241–244. doi:10.1002/path.1700290304. ISSN 0368-3494.
  3. ↑ DOLL R, HILL AB (1950). "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report". Br Med J. 2 (4682): 739–48. PMC 2038856. PMID 14772469.
  4. ↑ AZZOPARDI JG (1959). "Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus". J Pathol Bacteriol. 78: 513–9. PMID 13795444.
  5. ↑ WATSON WL, BERG JW (1962). "Oat cell lung cancer". Cancer. 15: 759–68. PMID 14005321.
  6. ↑ Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME (1969). "Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma". Am J Med. 46 (4): 516–25. PMID 5791000.
  7. ↑ Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR (1979). "The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma". Cancer. 44 (2): 406–13. PMID 224997.
  8. ↑ Fox W, Scadding JG. Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of bronchus: ten-year follow-up. Lancet1973;2: 63–65.
  9. ↑ Mountain CF. Clinical biology of small cell carcinoma: relationship to surgical therapy. Semin Oncol 1978; 5: 272–79
  10. ↑ Greco FA, Richardson RL, Snell JD, Stroup SL, Oldham RK (1979). "Small cell lung cancer. Complete remission and improved survival". Am J Med. 66 (4): 625–30. PMID 219690.
  11. ↑ Bunn PA, Greco FA, Einhorn L (1986). "Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer". Semin Oncol. 13 (3 Suppl 3): 45–53. PMID 3020700.
  12. ↑ "The World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition". Am J Clin Pathol. 77 (2): 123–36. 1982. PMID 7064914.
  13. ↑ Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF; et al. (1988). "Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology". Cancer. 62 (5): 973–7. PMID 2842029.
  14. ↑ Junker K, Wiethege T, Müller KM (2000). "Pathology of small-cell lung cancer". J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 126 (7): 361–8. PMID 10929757.
  15. ↑ Miller CW, Simon K, Aslo A, Kok K, Yokota J, Buys CH; et al. (1992). "p53 mutations in human lung tumors". Cancer Res. 52 (7): 1695–8. PMID 1312896.
  16. ↑ Helin K, Holm K, Niebuhr A, Eiberg H, Tommerup N, Hougaard S; et al. (1997). "Loss of the retinoblastoma protein-related p130 protein in small cell lung carcinoma". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (13): 6933–8. PMC 21262. PMID 9192669.
  17. ↑ Fong KM, Sekido Y, Minna JD (1999). "Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 118 (6): 1136–52. PMID 10595998.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N; et al. (2006). "Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro". Lung Cancer. 52 (3): 281–90. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014. PMID 16616798.
  19. ↑ Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ; et al. (1999). "Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group". N Engl J Med. 341 (7): 476–84. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410703. PMID 10441603.
  20. ↑ Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebø U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R; et al. (2002). "Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up". J Clin Oncol. 20 (24): 4665–72. PMID 12488411.
  21. ↑ Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O'Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D; et al. (2010). "A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure". Nature. 463 (7278): 184–90. doi:10.1038/nature08629. PMC 2880489. PMID 20016488.
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