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==Overview==
==Overview==
*In the USA, it is estimated that more than one million workers are occupationally exposed to free crystalline silica dusts (more than 100 000 of these workers are sandblasters), of whom some 59,000 will eventually develop silicosis. It is reported that each year in the USA about 300 people die from it, but the exact number is not known.
*Abrasive blasting with silica sand, often used to prepare surfaces for painting, has been associated with exposures 200 times greater than the level recommended by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This agency recommended that silica sand be prohibited as an abrasive blasting agent.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*Workers in a broad range of industries are exposed to crystalline silica. Up to 200,000 miners and 1.7 million non-mining workers in the United States have experienced significant occupational exposure to inhaled silica.<ref name="pmid9118719">{{cite journal| author=Rosenman KD, Reilly MJ, Kalinowski DJ, Watt FC| title=Silicosis in the 1990s. | journal=Chest | year= 1997 | volume= 111 | issue= 3 | pages= 779-86 | pmid=9118719 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9118719  }} </ref>


*Several epidemics of silicosis have been reported worldwide, including the United States. The worst epidemic of silicosis occurred in 1930-1931, during the construction of Gauley Bridge tunnel in West Virginia (also known as hawks nest tunnel disaster ), more than 400 of the estimated 2000 men who drilled rocks died of silicosis, and almost all the survivors developed silicosis.
*It is estimated that there were between 3600 and 7300 cases per year of silicosis in the United States between 1987 and 1996 <ref name="pmid12874846">{{cite journal| author=Rosenman KD, Reilly MJ, Henneberger PK| title=Estimating the total number of newly-recognized silicosis cases in the United States. | journal=Am J Ind Med | year= 2003 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-7 | pmid=12874846 | doi=10.1002/ajim.10243 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12874846  }} </ref>. During that decade, nearly 3000 deaths were attributed to silicosis in the United States [13]. The overall mortality attributable to silicosis has decreased substantially in the United States over the past 30 years, largely because of improved workplace protection <ref name="pmid15858459">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Silicosis mortality, prevention, and control--United States, 1968-2002. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2005 | volume= 54 | issue= 16 | pages= 401-5 | pmid=15858459 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15858459  }} </ref>,<ref name="pmid18636065">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Silicosis-related years of potential life lost before age 65 years--United States, 1968-2005. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2008 | volume= 57 | issue= 28 | pages= 771-5 | pmid=18636065 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18636065  }} </ref>. During 1999–2013, a total of 2,065 decedents had silicosis listed as the underlying or as a contributing cause of death. The annual number of silicosis deaths declined 40% from 185 in 1999 to 111 in 2013 (p-value for trend <0.001), but the decline appears to have leveled off during 2010–2013. The lowest number of silicosis deaths (88) occurred in 2011. Higher numbers of deaths occurred in 2012 (103) and 2013 (111), but remained within the 95% confidence interval predicted by the first-order autoregressive linear regression model used to evaluate trends for 1999–2013.More recently, in 1996, silicosis was reported in 60 of 1072 workers in an automotive factory. The risk of developing the disease increased as the number of years of exposure increased. Among workers who were employed for more than 30 years, 12% developed silicosis.


During 1999–2013, a total of 2,065 decedents had silicosis listed as the underlying or as a contributing cause of death (1,122 [54.3%] decedents had silicosis listed as the underlying cause of death) (Table). The annual number of silicosis deaths declined 40% from 185 in 1999 to 111 in 2013 (p-value for trend <0.001), but the decline appears to have leveled off during 2010–2013. The lowest number of silicosis deaths (88) occurred in 2011. Higher numbers of deaths occurred in 2012 (103) and 2013 (111), but remained within the 95% confidence interval predicted by the first-order autoregressive linear regression model used to evaluate trends for 1999–2013. Among all silicosis deaths, 47 (2.3%) decedents were aged 15–44 years; of these, 34 (72.3%) had silicosis coded as the underlying cause of death (Table). The annual number of silicosis deaths in persons aged 15–44 years varied and was 4, 0, and 8 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively.
===Race===
*African Americans have a two to seven times higher rate of developing silicosis compared with white workers with the same dust exposure <ref name="pmid19221963">{{cite journal| author=Cohen RA, Patel A, Green FH| title=Lung disease caused by exposure to coal mine and silica dust. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 651-61 | pmid=19221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0028-1101275 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19221963  }} </ref>
===Age===
*No precise information regarding age is available, usually seen at an older age as the disease progress over decades of exposure. Among all silicosis deaths, 47 (2.3%) decedents were aged 15–44 years; of these, 34 (72.3%) had silicosis coded as the underlying cause of death. The annual number of silicosis deaths in persons aged 15–44 years varied and was 4, 0, and 8 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively.


China has the most patients with silicosis, with more than 500 000 cases recorded between 1991 and 1995, and 6000 new cases and more than 24 000 deaths reported annually.
===Sex===
*Silicosis predominantly affects predominantly male workers, reflecting the occupations at risk.<ref name="pmid15858459">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Silicosis mortality, prevention, and control--United States, 1968-2002. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2005 | volume= 54 | issue= 16 | pages= 401-5 | pmid=15858459 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15858459  }} </ref>


In certain places in the world, an age-old scenario is being repeated. In the 16th century Agricola wrote of mines in the Carpathian mountains in Europe: "women are found to have married seven husbands, all of whom this terrible consumption (silico-tuberculosis) has carried off to a premature death". Only a few years ago certain villages in Northern Thailand were called "villages of widows" because of the large number of pestle-and-mortar-making workers who died early from silicosis.
===Silicosis epidemics worldwide===
 
*Between 1991-1995, 500,000 cases recorded in China , and annually 6000 new cases and more than 24,000 deaths reported.  
During the period 1991 to 1995, China recorded more than 500 000 cases of silicosis, with around 6 000 new cases and more than 24 000 deaths occurring each year mostly among older workers.
*In Vietnam 9,000 cases has been diagnosed so far. They constitute 90% of all cases of occupationally compensated diseases.  
In Viet Nam the cumulative number of diagnosed cases has now reached 9 000. They constitute 90% of all cases of occupationally compensated diseases. Some 18% of workers engaged in surface coal mining, quarrying, foundry and metallurgy have been found to have silicosis.
*In India, young males engaged in the quarrying and subsequent work in small, poorly ventilated sheds, a prevalence of 55% was found in that group
In India, a prevalence of 55% was found in one group of workers, many of them very young, engaged in the quarrying of shale sedimentary rock and subsequent work in small, poorly ventilated sheds. Studies on silicotic pencil workers in Central India demonstrated high mortality rates; the mean age at death was 35 years and the mean duration of the exposure was 12 years.
*In Brazil, in the state of Minas Gerais alone more than 4,500 workers have been diagnosed with silicosis.The state of Rio de Janeiro banned sandblasting after workers were found to have silicosis.
In Brazil, in the state of Minas Gerais alone more than 4 500 workers have been diagnosed with silicosis. In drought-affected regions in the north-east of the country the hand-digging of wells through layers of rock with very high quartz content (97%), an activity that generates great quantities of dust in confined spaces, resulted in a prevalence of 26% of silicosis, with many cases of accelerated forms. The state of Rio de Janeiro banned sandblasting after a quarter of shipyard workers were found to have silicosis.
*In 1988-1994 Quebec, Canada, 40 newly diagnosed workers were compensated.
In the USA, it is estimated that more than one million workers are occupationally exposed to free crystalline silica dusts (more than 100 000 of these workers are sandblasters), of whom some 59 000 will eventually develop silicosis. It is reported that each year in the USA about 300 people die from it, but the true number is not known.
*The Colombian Government estimates that 1.8 million workers in the country are at risk of developing the disease.
Abrasive blasting with silica sand, often used to prepare surfaces for painting, has been associated with exposures 200 times greater than the level recommended by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This agency recommended that silica sand be prohibited as an abrasive blasting agent.
*Recently, silicosis in Turkish denim sandblasters was detected as a new cause of silicosis due to recurring, poor working conditions.
In Quebec, Canada, in the years 1988-1994, 40 newly diagnosed workers were compensated (12 were less than 40 years old).
*Silicosis is seen in horses associated with inspiration of dust from certain cristobalite-containing soils in California.
The Colombian Government estimates that 1.8 million workers in the country are at risk of developing the disease.<ref> {{title:Silicosis  url:http://web.archive.org/web/20070510005843/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs238/en/}}<ref/>
*Protective measures such as respirators have brought a steady decline in death rates due to silicosis in Western countries. Unfortunately, this is not true of less developed countries where work conditions are poor and respiratory equipment is seldom used. For instance, life expectancy for silver miners in Potosí, Bolivia is around 40 years due to silicosis.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Silicosis | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20070510005843/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs238/en/}}</ref>
 
 
 
 
 
 
Silicosis is the most common occupational lung disease worldwide, it occurs everywhere but is especially common in developing countries.<ref>{{cite paper
  | author =Steenland K, Goldsmith DF
  | title =Silica exposure and autoimmune diseases
  | version =
  | publisher =National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
  | date =Nov 1995
  | url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=8561170&dopt=Citation
  | format =
  | accessdate = 2007-05-29}}</ref>  From 1991 to 1995, China reported more than 24,000 deaths due to silicosis each year.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title =Silicosis Fact Sheet
  | work =
  | publisher =World Health Organization
  | date =May 2000
  | url =http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs238/en/
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate =  2007-05-29}}</ref> In the United States, it is estimated that over one million(two million<ref>{{cite web
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title =Safety and Health Topics Silica, Crystalline
  | work =
  | publisher =Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  | date =March 2007
  | url =http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/silicacrystalline/index.html
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate =  2007-05-29}}</ref>) workers are exposed to free crystalline silica dusts and 59,000 of these workers will develop silicosis sometime in the course of their lives.<ref name="WHO"/>
 
According to CDC data<ref>http://www2.cdc.gov/niosh-chartbook/ch2/ch2-10-3-5.asp</ref>, silicosis in the United States is relatively rare. The incidence of deaths due to silicosis declined by 84% between 1968 and 1999, and only 187 1999 deaths had silicosis as the underlying or contributing cause.<ref>http://www2.cdc.gov/niosh-chartbook/imagedetail.asp?imgid=234</ref> Additionally, cases of silicosis in Michigan, New Jersey, and Ohio are highly correlated to industry<ref>http://www2.cdc.gov/niosh-chartbook/imagedetail.asp?imgid=232</ref> and occupation<ref>http://www2.cdc.gov/niosh-chartbook/imagedetail.asp?imgid=232</ref>.
 
Although silicosis has been known for centuries, the industrialization of mining has led to an increase in silicosis cases. Pneumatic drilling in mines and less commonly, mining using explosives, would raise rock dust. In the United States, a 1930 Hawk's Nest incident (epidemic of silicosis) due to the construction of the Hawk's Nest Tunnel near Gauley Bridge, West Virginia caused the death of more than 400 workers. The prevalence of silicosis led some men to grow what is called a miner's mustache, in an attempt to intercept as much dust as possible.
 
There is some concern that a batch of cannabis contaminated with silica found in the UK may cause silicosis in some users. <ref>[http://www.ukcia.org/library/contam/default.php Cannabis contamination in the UK]</ref>
 
Also, the mining establishment of Delamar Ghost Town, Nevada was ruined by a dry-mining process that produced a silicosis-causing dust. After hundreds of deaths from silicosis, the town was nicknamed ''The Widowmaker''. The problem in those days was somewhat resolved with an addition to the drill which sprayed a mist of water, turning dust raised by drilling into mud, but this inhibited mining work.  
 
Silicosis is an occupational hazard to mining, sandblasting, quarry, ceramics and foundry workers, as well as grinders, stonecutters and those continually exposed to silica dust.
 
Protective measures such as respirators have brought a steady decline in death rates due to silicosis in Western countries. Unfortunately, this is not true of less developed countries where work conditions are poor and respiratory equipment is seldom used. For instance, life expectancy for silver miners in Potosí, Bolivia is around 40 years due to silicosis.
 
Recently, silicosis in Turkish denim sandblasters was detected as a new cause of silicosis due to recurring, poor working conditions.
 
Silicosis is seen in horses associated with inspiration of dust from certain cristobalite-containing soils in California.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
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[[Category:Occupational diseases]]


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aparna Vuppala, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

  • In the USA, it is estimated that more than one million workers are occupationally exposed to free crystalline silica dusts (more than 100 000 of these workers are sandblasters), of whom some 59,000 will eventually develop silicosis. It is reported that each year in the USA about 300 people die from it, but the exact number is not known.
  • Abrasive blasting with silica sand, often used to prepare surfaces for painting, has been associated with exposures 200 times greater than the level recommended by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This agency recommended that silica sand be prohibited as an abrasive blasting agent.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Workers in a broad range of industries are exposed to crystalline silica. Up to 200,000 miners and 1.7 million non-mining workers in the United States have experienced significant occupational exposure to inhaled silica.[1]
  • Several epidemics of silicosis have been reported worldwide, including the United States. The worst epidemic of silicosis occurred in 1930-1931, during the construction of Gauley Bridge tunnel in West Virginia (also known as hawks nest tunnel disaster ), more than 400 of the estimated 2000 men who drilled rocks died of silicosis, and almost all the survivors developed silicosis.
  • It is estimated that there were between 3600 and 7300 cases per year of silicosis in the United States between 1987 and 1996 [2]. During that decade, nearly 3000 deaths were attributed to silicosis in the United States [13]. The overall mortality attributable to silicosis has decreased substantially in the United States over the past 30 years, largely because of improved workplace protection [3],[4]. During 1999–2013, a total of 2,065 decedents had silicosis listed as the underlying or as a contributing cause of death. The annual number of silicosis deaths declined 40% from 185 in 1999 to 111 in 2013 (p-value for trend <0.001), but the decline appears to have leveled off during 2010–2013. The lowest number of silicosis deaths (88) occurred in 2011. Higher numbers of deaths occurred in 2012 (103) and 2013 (111), but remained within the 95% confidence interval predicted by the first-order autoregressive linear regression model used to evaluate trends for 1999–2013.More recently, in 1996, silicosis was reported in 60 of 1072 workers in an automotive factory. The risk of developing the disease increased as the number of years of exposure increased. Among workers who were employed for more than 30 years, 12% developed silicosis.

Race

  • African Americans have a two to seven times higher rate of developing silicosis compared with white workers with the same dust exposure [5]

Age

  • No precise information regarding age is available, usually seen at an older age as the disease progress over decades of exposure. Among all silicosis deaths, 47 (2.3%) decedents were aged 15–44 years; of these, 34 (72.3%) had silicosis coded as the underlying cause of death. The annual number of silicosis deaths in persons aged 15–44 years varied and was 4, 0, and 8 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively.

Sex

  • Silicosis predominantly affects predominantly male workers, reflecting the occupations at risk.[3]

Silicosis epidemics worldwide

  • Between 1991-1995, 500,000 cases recorded in China , and annually 6000 new cases and more than 24,000 deaths reported.
  • In Vietnam 9,000 cases has been diagnosed so far. They constitute 90% of all cases of occupationally compensated diseases.
  • In India, young males engaged in the quarrying and subsequent work in small, poorly ventilated sheds, a prevalence of 55% was found in that group
  • In Brazil, in the state of Minas Gerais alone more than 4,500 workers have been diagnosed with silicosis.The state of Rio de Janeiro banned sandblasting after workers were found to have silicosis.
  • In 1988-1994 Quebec, Canada, 40 newly diagnosed workers were compensated.
  • The Colombian Government estimates that 1.8 million workers in the country are at risk of developing the disease.
  • Recently, silicosis in Turkish denim sandblasters was detected as a new cause of silicosis due to recurring, poor working conditions.
  • Silicosis is seen in horses associated with inspiration of dust from certain cristobalite-containing soils in California.
  • Protective measures such as respirators have brought a steady decline in death rates due to silicosis in Western countries. Unfortunately, this is not true of less developed countries where work conditions are poor and respiratory equipment is seldom used. For instance, life expectancy for silver miners in Potosí, Bolivia is around 40 years due to silicosis.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Rosenman KD, Reilly MJ, Kalinowski DJ, Watt FC (1997). "Silicosis in the 1990s". Chest. 111 (3): 779–86. PMID 9118719.
  2. ↑ Rosenman KD, Reilly MJ, Henneberger PK (2003). "Estimating the total number of newly-recognized silicosis cases in the United States". Am J Ind Med. 44 (2): 141–7. doi:10.1002/ajim.10243. PMID 12874846.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005). "Silicosis mortality, prevention, and control--United States, 1968-2002". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 54 (16): 401–5. PMID 15858459.
  4. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). "Silicosis-related years of potential life lost before age 65 years--United States, 1968-2005". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 57 (28): 771–5. PMID 18636065.
  5. ↑ Cohen RA, Patel A, Green FH (2008). "Lung disease caused by exposure to coal mine and silica dust". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 29 (6): 651–61. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1101275. PMID 19221963.
  6. ↑ "Silicosis".

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