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==Overview==
==Overview==
The symptoms of short bowel syndrome usually develop immediately following [[bowel resection]]. [[Diarrhea]] may cause massive [[fluid]] and [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte loss]].
The symptoms of short bowel syndrome usually develop immediately following [[bowel resection]]. [[Diarrhea]] may cause massive [[fluid]] and [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte loss]]. Immediately after surgery, [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[adaptation]] develops in three phases, including [[Acute (medicine)|acute]], adaptive and maintenance phase. 


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
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*Short bowel syndrome may cause [[diarrhea]] which presents with massive [[fluid]] and [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte]] loss.   
*Short bowel syndrome may cause [[diarrhea]] which presents with massive [[fluid]] and [[Electrolyte disturbance|electrolyte]] loss.   
*It is important to manage the patient following [[surgery]], to [[hydrate]] and receive enough [[Nutrient|nutrients]] through [[Route of administration|parenteral]] or [[Feeding tube|enteral]] routes.  
*It is important to manage the patient following [[surgery]], to [[hydrate]] and receive enough [[Nutrient|nutrients]] through [[Route of administration|parenteral]] or [[Feeding tube|enteral]] routes.  
* Immediately after surgery, [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[adaptation]] initiates in three phases, including [[Acute (medicine)|acute]], adaptive and maintenance phase.   
* Immediately after surgery, [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[adaptation]] develops in three phases, including [[Acute (medicine)|acute]], adaptive and maintenance phase.   
*Structural, motility and functional changes occur to adapt [[intestine]] to the new situation.
*Structural, motility and functional changes occur to adapt [[intestine]] to the new situation.
*Patients with remaining [[Small intestine|small bowel]] of more than 200 cm length, usually do not need [[Total parenteral nutrition|parenteral nutrition]] and may be adapted easily.
*Patients with remaining [[Small intestine|small bowel]] of more than 200 cm length, usually do not need [[Total parenteral nutrition|parenteral nutrition]] and may be adapted easily.

Revision as of 22:30, 7 December 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

The symptoms of short bowel syndrome usually develop immediately following bowel resection. Diarrhea may cause massive fluid and electrolyte loss. Immediately after surgery, intestinal adaptation develops in three phases, including acute, adaptive and maintenance phase.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Common complications of short bowel syndrome may be classified to different categories, including malnutrition, surgery related, and chronic complications.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Prognosis

  • There is no definite cure for short bowel syndrome. However, medications and nutritional therapy significantly improve the quality of life and survival of the patients.[10]
  • Prognosis of short bowel syndrome depends on the location and size of the bowel resection, underlying pathology, nutrition support, pharmacotherapy, and extent of intestinal adaptation.[3][7][11]
  • The quality of life for patients with short bowel syndrome depends on their ability to previous activities. Majority of them on effective treatment could have an excellent quality of life.[12]
  • The 2 and 5-year survival rate of patients with short bowel syndrome are approximately 80% and 70%, respectively.[4]
  • The 6-year survival rate of patients with short bowel syndrome is approximately 65% for patients who have remaining short bowel of more than 50 cm.[11]
  • Much hope is vested in Omegaven, a type of lipid TPN feed, in which recent case reports suggest the risk of liver disease is much lower.[13]
  • Although promising, the small intestine transplant has a mixed success rate, with a postoperative mortality rate of up to 30%. One-year and 4-year survival rates are 90% and 60%, respectively.[2]

References

  1. Wall, Elizabeth A. (2013). "An Overview of Short Bowel Syndrome Management: Adherence, Adaptation, and Practical Recommendations". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 113 (9): 1200–1208. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.05.001. ISSN 2212-2672.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Thompson, Jon S.; Weseman, Rebecca; Rochling, Fedja A.; Mercer, David F. (2011). "Current Management of the Short Bowel Syndrome". Surgical Clinics of North America. 91 (3): 493–510. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2011.02.006. ISSN 0039-6109.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ (2003). "Enteral and parenteral nutrition in the care of patients with short-bowel syndrome". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 17 (6): 997–1015. PMID 14642862.
  4. 4.0 4.1 DiBaise JK, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA (2004). "Intestinal rehabilitation and the short bowel syndrome: part 2". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (9): 1823–32. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40836.x. PMID 15330926.
  5. Botey, Mireia; Alastrué, Antonio; Haetta, Henrik; Fernández-Llamazares, Jaume; Clavell, Arantxa; Moreno, Pau (2017). "Long-Term Results of Serial Transverse Enteroplasty with Neovalve Creation for Extreme Short Bowel Syndrome: Report of Two Cases". Case Reports in Gastroenterology. 11 (1): 229–240. doi:10.1159/000452734. ISSN 1662-0631.
  6. Keller J, Panter H, Layer P (2004). "Management of the short bowel syndrome after extensive small bowel resection". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 18 (5): 977–92. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.05.002. PMID 15494290.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Sundaram A, Koutkia P, Apovian CM (2002). "Nutritional management of short bowel syndrome in adults". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 34 (3): 207–20. PMID 11873098.
  8. Tappenden KA (2014). "Pathophysiology of short bowel syndrome: considerations of resected and residual anatomy". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 38 (1 Suppl): 14S–22S. doi:10.1177/0148607113520005. PMID 24500909.
  9. Limketkai BN, Parian AM, Shah ND, Colombel JF (2016). "Short Bowel Syndrome and Intestinal Failure in Crohn's Disease". Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 22 (5): 1209–18. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000698. PMID 26818425.
  10. Kelly DG, Tappenden KA, Winkler MF (2014). "Short bowel syndrome: highlights of patient management, quality of life, and survival". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 38 (4): 427–37. doi:10.1177/0148607113512678. PMID 24247092.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Eça, Rosário; Barbosa, Elisabete (2016). "Short bowel syndrome: treatment options". Journal of Coloproctology. 36 (4): 262–272. doi:10.1016/j.jcol.2016.07.002. ISSN 2237-9363.
  12. DiBaise JK, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA (2004). "Intestinal rehabilitation and the short bowel syndrome: part 1". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (7): 1386–95. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30345.x. PMID 15233682.
  13. Gura KM, Duggan CP, Collier SB; et al. (2006). "Reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in two infants with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil: implications for future management". Pediatrics. 118 (1): e197–201. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2662. PMID 16818533.

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