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Revision as of 15:03, 26 March 2014 by Vidit Bhargava (talk | contribs)
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Characterize symptoms

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Medication history

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Past medical history

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Possible triggers

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Physical examination

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Labs and tests

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Imaging studies

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Diagnostic features

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Syncope

 
 
 
 
 

Non syncope loss of consciousness

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Known etiology
Cardiovascular
Orthostatic hypotension
Reflex

 
 
 
 

Unknown etiology
Determine if there are any high risk criteria:

 
 
 

Consider additional tests

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

High risk

 
 
 

low risk

 
 
 

Consider alternative diagnoses

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

❑ Immediate in-hospital monitoring (in bed or telemetry) to look for abnormalities suggestive of arrhythmic syncope (Class I; Level of Evidence: B).

 

Recurrent syncopes

 

Single syncope

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

If suspicion of structural hear disease:
Order an echocardiography (Class I; Level of Evidence: B)

 

Was it in high risk setting?
Potential risk of physical injury
Occupational implications

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Structural heart disease present
Treat accordingly

 

No structural heart disease

 

Yes

 

No: No further evaluation

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Tilt testing

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Characterize the symptoms



DrugAdult dosage
Inhaled Short Acting β Agonists (SABA)
Albuterol/Bitolterol/Pirbuterol
a) Nebulizer solution
b) MDI

♦ 2.5-5 mg every 20 minutes for 3 doses, then 2.5-10 mg every 1-4 hours as needed or 10-15 mg/hour continuously.
♦ 4-8 puffs every 20 mins upto 4 hours, then every 1-4 hours as needed.
Levalbuterol
a) Nebulizer solution
b) MDI

♦ 1.25-2.5 mg every 20 mins for 3 doses, then 1.25-5 mg every 1-4 hours as needed.
♦ 4-8 puffs every 20 mins upto 4 hours, then every 1-4 hours as needed.
Anticholinergics
Ipratropium bromide
a) Nebulizer solution
b) MDI

♦ 0.5 mg every 20 mins for 3 doses, then as needed.
♦ 8 puffs every 20 mins as needed for upto 3 hours.
Ipratropium with albuterol
a) Nebulizer solution (each 3 ml containing 0.5 mg ipratropium and 2.5 mg albuterol)
b) MDI (each puff contains 18 mcg ipratropium and 90 mcg albuterol)

♦ 3 ml every 20 mins for 3 doses, then as needed.
♦ 8 puffs every 20 mins as needed for 3 hours
Systemic corticosteroids
Prednisone/Prednisolone/Methylprednisolone ♦ 40-80 mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses until peak expiratory flowrate (PEF) reaches 70% of personal best.


Clinical courseUnstable
Physical examination Signs of heart failure
Functional class IV
6MWD Less than 400 m
EchocardiogramRV Enlargement
HemodynamicsRAP high
CI low
BNPElevated/Increasing
TreatmentIntravenous prostacyclin and/or combination treatment
Frequency of evaluation Q 1 to Q 3 months
FC assessment Every clinic visit
6MWT Every clinic visit
Echocardiogram2Q 6 to Q 12 months/center dependent
BNPcenter dependent
RHCQ 6 to Q 12 months or clinical deterioration