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===Famous Cases===
The following are a few famous cases of narcolepsy:


== <big>Gastrointestinal Bleeding</big> ==
*'''Jimmy Kimmel''', American late-night talk show host, actor, producer, comedian, and writer
<references />{{WikiDoc CMG}}{{AE}}{{MWH}}
*'''Harold M. Ickes''', former deputy White House chief of staff for President Bill Clinton and a leading figure in the His administration's [[healthcare]] reform initiative
*'''Arthur Lowe''', a British actor who played iconic Captain Mainwaring in the British sitcom ''Dad's Army''
*'''Nastassja Aglaia Kinski''', German actress, and former model
*'''George M. Church''', molecular geneticist, molecular engineer, and chemist, who is a Professor of Genetics and Professor of Health Sciences at Harvard
*'''Teresa Nielsen Hayden''', American science fiction editor, fanzine writer, and essayist who has a famous weblog, named Making Light
*'''Franck Bouyer''', French former road racing cyclist who was unable to compete or train without treatment with Modafinil
*'''Gabe Barham''', former Drummer for American post-hardcore band Sleeping With Sirens
*'''Jinkx Monsoon''' (real name is Jerick Hoffer), Seattle Drag Queen, stage performer, comedian and singer who is the winner of the fifth season of ''RuPaul's Drag Race''
*'''Aaron Flahavan''', former English (Portsmouth) football Goalkeeper
*'''Paul Gonsalves''', Jazz tenor saxophonist


'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''''' Blood loss from GI tract; bloody stool; blood in feces; PR bleeding; gastrointestinal hemorrhage; gastrointestinal hemorrhage; GI bleeding; bright red blood per rectum; BRBPR.
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== Overview ==
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined as bleeding from any part of GI tract starting from mouth to anus. It can also be called as gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Based on the origin of bleeding it can be classified into upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is defined as bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract that originates proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as blood loss originating distal to the ligament of Treitz. The most common causes of UGIB are peptic ulcer disease and esophageal varices while diverticulosis is the most commonly responsible for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Clinical presentation includes overt bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, rapid or slow, either manifested by hematemesis of fresh (blood-streaked to frankly bloody), old ('coffee ground') vomitus, melena and or as frank blood per rectum.
 
Common risk factors in the development of GI bleeding include advancing age, previous history of gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic constipation, hematologic disorders, anticoagulants medications, NSAIDs. It is essential to distinguish between lower gastrointestinal bleeding and brisk upper gastrointestinal bleeding as they can present with similar symptoms. Patients with severe bleeding or hemodynamic disturbance require hospitalization and urgent investigation. Treatment depends on the cause and the severity of the bleeding.
 
== Types of bleeding ==
Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract can be of the following types:
 
* '''Hematemesis''': Vomiting fresh red blood.
* '''Coffee ground emesis''': Vomiting of altered black blood.
* '''Melena''': Passage of black tarry stools.
* '''Hematochezia''': Passage of red blood per rectum (usually due to bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract but occasionally can be due to massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding).
* '''Rebleeding''': Defined as fresh hematochezia and/or melena associated with the development of shock (pulse greater than 100 beats/min, systolic pressure less than 100 mm Hg), a fall in CVP greater than 5 mm Hg, or a reduction in hemoglobin concentration greater than 20 g/l over 24 hours. Rebleeding should always be confirmed by endoscopy.
 
== Causes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Gastrointestinal Bleeding
!Lethal Causes
!Common causes
!Less Common causes
|-
|Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
|
* Anthrax
* Ebola virus
|
* Duodenal ulcer
* Esophagitis
* Esophageal varices
* Gastric tumors
* Gastric ulcer
* Gastritis
* Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
* Peptic ulcer
|
* Gastric cancer
* Esophageal Tumors
* Esophagitis
* Gastric erosions/gastropathy
* Dieulafoy lesions
* Gastric antral vascular ectasia
|-
|Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
|
|
* Diverticulosis
* Vascular ectasias
* Ischemic colitis
* Colorectal malignancy
* Hemorrhoids
* Anal fissures
* Crohn's disease
* Ulcerative colitis
* Infectious colitis
* Colonic polyps
* Radiation proctitis
* Rectal varices
* Stercoral ulceration
* Meckel diverticulum
* Intussusception
* Henoch-Scholein Purpura (HSP)
|}
 
== Classification ==
The following flow chart elobarates the classification of gastrointestinal bleeding:
 
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||||||||||A01||||||||||A01= '''Gastointestinal'''<br> '''bleeding'''}}
{{Family tree|||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||}}
{{Family tree|||||||||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||}}
{{Family tree|||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||!||||||}}
{{Family tree|||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||!||||||}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||B01|||||||||||||||||B02|||||||B01= '''Upper GI bleeding'''|B02= '''Lower GI bleeding'''}}
{{Family tree|||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||!||||||}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||C01|||||||||||||||||C02|||||C01= Based on blood loss|C02= Based on severity of blood loss}}
{{Family tree|||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.|||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.||}}
{{Family tree|||||D01|||||D02||||D03|||||D04||||D05|||||D06|||||||D01= Overt|D02= Occult|D03= Obscure|D04= Severe|D05= Moderate|D06= Occult}}
{{Family tree|||||||!||||||!||||||!|||||||!||||||!||||||!|}}
{{Family tree|||||E01|||||E02||||E03|||||E04||||E05|||||E06|||||||||||E01= Hematemesis Coffee-ground emesis Melena|E02= Microscopic Hemorrhage Heme-Occult positive stools|E03= Source is not identified|E04= Hematochezia|E05= Hematochezia|E06= Microscopic Hemorrhage Heme-Occult positive stools}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}
{{Family tree||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}
{{Family tree/end}}<br />
 
== Differentiating Gastrointestinal Bleeding from other Diseases ==

Latest revision as of 17:01, 14 August 2020

Famous Cases

The following are a few famous cases of narcolepsy:

  • Jimmy Kimmel, American late-night talk show host, actor, producer, comedian, and writer
  • Harold M. Ickes, former deputy White House chief of staff for President Bill Clinton and a leading figure in the His administration's healthcare reform initiative
  • Arthur Lowe, a British actor who played iconic Captain Mainwaring in the British sitcom Dad's Army
  • Nastassja Aglaia Kinski, German actress, and former model
  • George M. Church, molecular geneticist, molecular engineer, and chemist, who is a Professor of Genetics and Professor of Health Sciences at Harvard
  • Teresa Nielsen Hayden, American science fiction editor, fanzine writer, and essayist who has a famous weblog, named Making Light
  • Franck Bouyer, French former road racing cyclist who was unable to compete or train without treatment with Modafinil
  • Gabe Barham, former Drummer for American post-hardcore band Sleeping With Sirens
  • Jinkx Monsoon (real name is Jerick Hoffer), Seattle Drag Queen, stage performer, comedian and singer who is the winner of the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race
  • Aaron Flahavan, former English (Portsmouth) football Goalkeeper
  • Paul Gonsalves, Jazz tenor saxophonist