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Acute leukemia
Resident Survival Guide
Overview
Causes
FIRE
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];

Synonyms and keywords: Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, ALL, AML

Overview

Acute Leukemia is a malignancy of bone marrow myeloid and lymphoblastic precursor cells, in which these poorly differentiated hematopoietic cells proliferate rapidly. Hence, their accumulation would disrupt the performance of bone marrow to produce normal blood cells

Causes

AML and ALL are life-threatening diseases, which would result in death if left untreated. In the majority of cases, etiology is not apparent.

Common Causes of AML

Common Causes of ALL

FIRE

A Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) should be performed to identify patients in need of immediate intervention.[5]

Boxes in red color signify that an urgent management is needed.

  • Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) in AML:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Obtain patient's medical history and focus on these signs and symptoms:
Fatigue
Weight loss
Anorexia
Bone pain
Bleeding
Early satiety
❑ History of specific and chronic exposures such as alkylating agents, benzene, radiation, or previous chemotherapy
Headache
History of recurrent fever
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Examine the patient:
Fever
Tachycardia
Ecchymosis
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
❑ Abnormalities in cranial nerve examination
Skin nodules
Dental abcess
Papilledema
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Radiologic assessment:
a
❑ aA
❑ A
❑ Order additional tests if needed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AA:
B
F
G or H
❑ H
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Diagnosis

Treatment

Do's

Don'ts

References

  1. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Raphael BJ, Mungall AJ; et al. (2013). "Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia". N Engl J Med. 368 (22): 2059–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1301689. PMC 3767041. PMID 23634996.