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| * [http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/short/181/2/309 Macura, Katarzyna J., Corl, Frank M., Fishman, Elliot K., Bluemke, David A. Pathogenesis in Acute Aortic Syndromes: Aortic Dissection, Intramural Hematoma, and Penetrating Atherosclerotic Aortic Ulcer. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2003 181: 309-316.]
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| * [http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic43.htm Gomez-Jorge, Jackeline. E-medicine rads article]
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| {| border="3"
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease Name}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Causes}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| ECG Characteristics}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| ECG view}}
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left"| Ventricular tachycardia<ref name="AjijolaTung2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ajijola|first1=Olujimi A.|last2=Tung|first2=Roderick|last3=Shivkumar|first3=Kalyanam|title=Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates|journal=Indian Heart Journal|volume=66|year=2014|pages=S24–S34|issn=00194832|doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039}}</ref><ref name="Meja LopezMalhotra2019">{{cite journal|last1=Meja Lopez|first1=Eliany|last2=Malhotra|first2=Rohit|title=Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease|journal=Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management|volume=10|issue=8|year=2019|pages=3762–3773|issn=21563977|doi=10.19102/icrm.2019.100801}}</ref><ref name="CoughtrieBehr2017">{{cite journal|last1=Coughtrie|first1=Abigail L|last2=Behr|first2=Elijah R|last3=Layton|first3=Deborah|last4=Marshall|first4=Vanessa|last5=Camm|first5=A John|last6=Shakir|first6=Saad A W|title=Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort|journal=BMJ Open|volume=7|issue=10|year=2017|pages=e016627|issn=2044-6055|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627}}</ref><ref name="El-Sherif2001">{{cite journal|last1=El-Sherif|first1=Nabil|title=Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology|volume=12|issue=8|year=2001|pages=973–976|issn=1045-3873|doi=10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x}}</ref><ref name="de RivaWatanabe2015">{{cite journal|last1=de Riva|first1=Marta|last2=Watanabe|first2=Masaya|last3=Zeppenfeld|first3=Katja|title=Twelve-Lead ECG of Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease|journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology|volume=8|issue=4|year=2015|pages=951–962|issn=1941-3149|doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.115.002847}}</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Ischemic heart disease]]
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| *Illicit drug use such as [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]]
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| *[[Structural heart diseases]]
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| *[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
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| *[[Congestive heart failure]]
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| *[[Myocarditis]]
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| *[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
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| *[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
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| *[[Long QT syndrome]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Ventricular tachycardia originates from a ventricular focus.
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| * Lasts more than 30 seconds.
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| * [[Broad QRS complex]]es: rate of >90 BPM.
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| [[File:Capture V tach.PNG|center|300px]]<ref> ECG found in of https://en.ecgpedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page </ref>
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| |-
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left"| Ventricular fibrillation<ref name="pmid19252119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koplan BA, Stevenson WG |title=Ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=289–97 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19252119 |pmc=2664600 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61149-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28222965">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maury P, Sacher F, Rollin A, Mondoly P, Duparc A, Zeppenfeld K, Hascoet S |title=Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Arch Cardiovasc Dis |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=354–362 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28222965 |doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2016.12.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1638716">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saumarez RC, Camm AJ, Panagos A, Gill JS, Stewart JT, de Belder MA, Simpson IA, McKenna WJ |title=Ventricular fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased fractionation of paced right ventricular electrograms |journal=Circulation |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=467–74 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1638716 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.86.2.467 |url=}}</ref><ref name="BektasSoyuncu2012">{{cite journal|last1=Bektas|first1=Firat|last2=Soyuncu|first2=Secgin|title=Hypokalemia-induced Ventricular Fibrillation|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=42|issue=2|year=2012|pages=184–185|issn=07364679|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.05.079}}</ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *Acute coronary ischemia
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| *[[cardiomyopathy|Cardiomyopathies]]
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| *[[Congenital heart disease]]
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| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
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| *[[Heart surgery]]
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| *Electrolyte abnormalities
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Poorly identifiable QRS complexes and absent P waves
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| * The heart rate is >300 BPM
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| * Rhythm is irregular
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| [[File:Capture VF.PNG|center|300px]]<ref> ECG found in https://en.ecgpedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page </ref>
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| |-
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left"| Ventricular flutter<ref name="ThiesBoos2000">{{cite journal|last1=Thies|first1=Karl-Christian|last2=Boos|first2=Karin|last3=Müller-Deile|first3=Kai|last4=Ohrdorf|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Beushausen|first5=Thomas|last6=Townsend|first6=Peter|title=Ventricular flutter in a neonate—severe electrolyte imbalance caused by urinary tract infection in the presence of urinary tract malformation|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=18|issue=1|year=2000|pages=47–50|issn=07364679|doi=10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00161-4}}</ref><ref name="KosterWellens1976">{{cite journal|last1=Koster|first1=Rudolph W.|last2=Wellens|first2=Hein J.J.|title=Quinidine-induced ventricular flutter and fibrillation without digitalis therapy|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=38|issue=4|year=1976|pages=519–523|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/0002-9149(76)90471-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid250503">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhurandhar RW, Nademanee K, Goldman AM |title=Ventricular tachycardia-flutter associated with disopyramide therapy: a report of three cases |journal=Heart Lung |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=783–7 |date=1978 |pmid=250503 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| *[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
| |
| *Medications such as:
| |
| **[[Dysopyramide]]
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| **[[Quinidine]]
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| *The ECG shows:
| |
| **A typical sinusoidal pattern
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| **Frequency of 300 bpm
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| [[File:Capture Ven Flu.PNG|center|300px]]<ref> ECG found in https://en.ecgpedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page </ref>
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| |-
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" | Asystole<ref name=ACLS_2003_H_T>''ACLS: Principles and Practice''. p. 71-87. Dallas: American Heart Association, 2003. ISBN 0-87493-341-2.</ref><ref name=ACLS_2003_EP_HT>''ACLS for Experienced Providers''. p. 3-5. Dallas: American Heart Association, 2003. ISBN 0-87493-424-9.</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Hypovolemia]]
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| *[[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxia]]
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| *[[Acidosis]]
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| *[[Hypothermia|Hypothermia]]
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| *[[Hyperkalemia|Hyperkalemia]] or [[Hypokalemia|Hypokalemia]]
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| *[[Hypoglycemia|Hypoglycemia]]
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| *[[Cardiac tamponade|Cardiac Tamponade]]
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| *[[Tension pneumothorax|Tension pneumothorax]]
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| *[[Thrombosis|Thrombosis]]
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| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
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| *[[Thrombosis|Thrombosis]]
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| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
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| *[[Cardiogenic shock]]
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| *Degeneration of the [[sinoatrial]] or [[atrioventricular]] nodes
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| *[[Ischemic stroke]]
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * There is no electrical activity in the asystole
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| [[Image:Lead II rhythm generated asystole.JPG|center|300px]]<ref> ECG found in https://en.ecgpedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page </ref>
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| |-
| |
| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" | Pulseless electrical activity<ref name="ECC_2005_7.2">"2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care - Part 7.2: Management of Cardiac Arrest." ''Circulation'' 2005; '''112''': IV-58 - IV-66.</ref><ref>Foster B, Twelve Lead Electrocardiography, 2nd edition, 2007</ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| *Hypovolemia
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| *Hypoxia
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| *Hydrogen ions (Acidosis)
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| *Hypothermia
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| *[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
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| *Hypoglycemia
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| *Tablets or Toxins (Drug overdose) such as beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, or calcium channel blockers
| |
| *Tamponade
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| *Tension pneumothorax
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| *Thrombosis (Myocardial infarction)
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| *Thrombosis (Pulmonary embolism)
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| *Trauma (Hypovolemia from blood loss)
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| *Several ppattern are possible including:
| |
| **Normal sinus rhythm
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| **Sinus tachycardia, with discernible P waves and QRS complexes
| |
| **Bradycardia, with or without P waves
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| [[File:Capture PEA.PNG|center|300px]]<ref> ECG found in wikimedia Commons </ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Torsade de Pointes<ref name="pmid28674475">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li M, Ramos LG |title=Drug-Induced QT Prolongation And Torsades de Pointes |journal=P T |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=473–477 |date=July 2017 |pmid=28674475 |pmc=5481298 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="SharainMay2015">{{cite journal|last1=Sharain|first1=Korosh|last2=May|first2=Adam M.|last3=Gersh|first3=Bernard J.|title=Chronic Alcoholism and the Danger of Profound Hypomagnesemia|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=128|issue=12|year=2015|pages=e17–e18|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.051}}</ref><ref name="pmid11330748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan IA |title=Twelve-lead electrocardiogram of torsades de pointes |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=69 |date=2001 |pmid=11330748 |pmc=101137 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| * *[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
| |
| * Medications such as:
| |
| ** [[Amiodarone]]
| |
| ** [[Azithromycin ]]
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| ** [[Clozapine ]]
| |
| **[[Famotidine]]
| |
| ** [[Flecainide ]]
| |
| ** [[Foscarnet ]]
| |
| ** [[Levofloxacin ]]
| |
| ** [[Lithium ]]
| |
| ** [[Mirtazipine]]
| |
| ** [[Quetiapine ]]
| |
| ** [[Risperidone ]]
| |
| ** [[Tacrolimus ]]
| |
| ** [[Tamoxifen ]]
| |
| ** [[Ziprasidone]]
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| # Paroxysms of VT with irregular RR intervals.
| |
| # A ventricular rate between 200 and 250 beats per minute.
| |
| # Two or more cycles of [[QRS complex]]es with alternating polarity.
| |
| # Changing amplitude of the QRS complexes in each cycle in a sinusoidal fashion.
| |
| # Prolongation of the [[QT interval]].
| |
| # Is often initiated by a [[PVC]] with a long coupling interval, R on T phenomenon.
| |
| # There are usually 5 to 20 complexes in each cycle.
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
| |
| [[File:Capture Tors De P.PNG|center|300px]]<ref> ECG found in https://en.ecgpedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page </ref>
| |
| |}
| |
| <references />
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