Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions

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{{Xyz}}
{{Xyz}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.


OR
OR


Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].


OR
OR


The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.


OR
OR


The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.


==Physical Examination==
* Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
OR
*Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for:[finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
*The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
*The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
===Appearance of the Patient===
*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].


===Vital Signs===


*High-grade / low-grade fever
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
*[[Hypothermia]] / hyperthermia may be present
*[[Tachycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
*[[Bradycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
*Tachypnea / bradypnea
*Kussmal respirations may be present in _____ (advanced disease state)
*Weak/bounding pulse / pulsus alternans / paradoxical pulse / asymmetric pulse
*High/low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure / [[wide pulse pressure]] / [[narrow pulse pressure]]


===Skin===
* Skin examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
OR
*[[Cyanosis]]
*[[Jaundice]]
* [[Pallor]]
* Bruises
<gallery widths="150px">


UploadedImage-01.jpg | Description {{dermref}}
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
UploadedImage-02.jpg | Description {{dermref}}


</gallery>
===HEENT===
* HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
OR
* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
* Evidence of trauma
* Icteric sclera
* [[Nystagmus]]
* Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
*Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
* Hearing acuity may be reduced
*[[Weber test]] may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
*[[Rinne test]] may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
* [[Exudate]] from the ear canal
* Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
*Inflamed nares / congested nares
* [[Purulent]] exudate from the nares
* Facial tenderness
* Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae


===Neck===
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
* Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*[[Jugular venous distension]]
*[[Carotid bruits]] may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
*[[Thyromegaly]] / thyroid nodules
*[[Hepatojugular reflux]]


===Lungs===
==Pathophysiology==
* Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
* Asymmetric chest expansion / Decreased chest expansion
*Lungs are hypo/hyperresonant
*Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
*Rhonchi
*Vesicular breath sounds / Distant breath sounds
*Expiratory/inspiratory wheezing with normal / delayed expiratory phase
*[[Wheezing]] may be present
*[[Egophony]] present/absent
*[[Bronchophony]] present/absent
*Normal/reduced [[tactile fremitus]]


===Heart===
===Pathogenesis===
* Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
OR
*Chest tenderness upon palpation
*It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
*PMI within 2 cm of the sternum  (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
*[[Heave]] / [[thrill]]
*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
*[[Friction rub]]
*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
*[[Heart sounds#First heart tone S1, the "lub"(components M1 and T1)|S1]]
*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
*[[Heart sounds#Second heart tone S2 the "dub"(components A2 and P2)|S2]]
*The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|S3]]
*[[Heart sounds#Fourth heart sound S4|S4]]
*[[Heart sounds#Summation Gallop|Gallops]]
*A high/low grade early/late [[systolic murmur]] / [[diastolic murmur]] best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope


===Abdomen===
==Genetics==
Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
*Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
*The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.


OR
==Associated Conditions==
*[[Abdominal distention]]
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*[[Rebound tenderness]] (positive Blumberg sign)
*A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*Guarding may be present
*[[Hepatomegaly]] / [[splenomegaly]] / [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
*Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test


===Back===
==Gross Pathology==
* Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
OR
*Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
*Sacral edema
*Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
*Buffalo hump
 
===Genitourinary===
* Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
*Inflamed mucosa
*Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge
 
===Neuromuscular===
* Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
* Altered mental status
* Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
* Clonus may be present
* Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
* Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
* Muscle rigidity
* Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
* ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
*Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
*Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
*Positive straight leg raise test
*Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
*Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
*Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
*Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
*Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)


===Extremities===
==Microscopic Pathology==
* Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
OR
*[[Clubbing]]
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper/lower extremities
*Muscle atrophy
*Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:02, 27 March 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR


[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

  • The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

  • It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
  • [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
  • Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
  • [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
  • The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
  • The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

  • [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
  • Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
  • The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.

Associated Conditions

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

References

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