Sandbox:Chandra

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

• Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
• Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:

• Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):
  • Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
  • Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
• Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude
• Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:
  • External compression
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Flail chest
• Hypoventilation:
  • Upper airway obstruction:
    • Foreign body aspiration
    • Pertussis / Croup
    • Epiglottitis
    • Tracheitis mostly bacterial
    • Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
    • Congenital airway abnormalities:
      • Choanal atresia
      • Laryngotracheomalacia
      • Macroglossia
      • Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
  • Neurologic abnormalities:
    • CNS depression
    • Severe head trauma
    • Apnea of prematurity
    • Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
    • Intraventricular hemorrhage
    • Seizures
    • Cyanotic breath holding spells
    • Coma
  • Neuromuscular disorders:
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Injury to the phrenic nerve
    • Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
  • Metabolic disorders:
    • Severe hypoglycemia
    • In born errors of metabolism
• Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:
  • Asthma
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Atelectasis
  • Alveolar capillary dysplasia
  • emphysema or COPD
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Pulmonary hypoplasia
  • Pulmonary hemorrhage
  • Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
  • Transient tachypnea of the newborn
• Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pulmonary edema
• Pneumonia
• Bronchiolitis
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• Cystic fibrosis
• Empyema
• Circulatory causes:
  • Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
    • Decreased pulmonary flow:
      • Tetralogy of fallot
      • Tricuspid valve anomalies
        • Tricuspid atresia
        • Tricuspid stenosis
        • Ebstein's anomaly
      • Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
      • Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
    • Increased pulmonary flow:
      • TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
      • Truncus arteriosus
      • TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
    • Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
      • Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
      • Coarctation of aorta
      • Critical valvular aortic stenosis
  • Eisenmenger syndrome
  • Pulmonary causes:
    • Pulmonary hypertension
    • Pulmonary edema
    • Pulmonary hemorrhage
    • Pulmonary embolism
    • Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
    • Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
  • Shock
  • Sepsis
  • Acute chest syndrome
• Hematologic abnormalities:
  • Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
  • Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
  • Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
  • Polycythemia
• Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)

[Disease name] may be caused by:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular

No underlying causes Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [4] central cyanosis causes Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2): Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires Carbon monoxide poisoning Hydrogen cyanide poisoning Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide) Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion: External compression Pneumothorax Hemothorax Flail chest Hypoventilation: Upper airway obstruction: Foreign body aspiration Pertussis/Croup Epiglottitis Tracheitis mostly bacterial Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures) Congenital airway abnormalities: Choanal atresia Laryngotracheomalacia Macroglossia Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) Neurologic abnormalities: CNS depression Severe head trauma Apnea of prematurity Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis) Intraventricular hemorrhage Seizures Cyanotic breath holding spells Coma Neuromuscular disorders: Myasthenia gravis Injury to the phrenic nerve Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease) Metabolic disorders: Severe hypoglycemia In born errors of metabolism Ventilation/perfusion mismatch: Asthma Pulmonary embolism Atelectasis Alveolar capillary dysplasia emphysema or COPD Pulmonary edema Pulmonary hypoplasia Pulmonary hemorrhage Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) Transient tachypnea of the newborn Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion: Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary edema Pneumonia Bronchiolitis Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cystic fibrosis Empyema Circulatory causes: Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts): Decreased pulmonary flow: Tetralogy of fallot Tricuspid valve anomalies Tricuspid atresia Tricuspid stenosis Ebstein's anomaly Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular) Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum Increased pulmonary flow: TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type) Truncus arteriosus TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection) Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include: Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS) Coarctation of aorta Critical valvular aortic stenosis Eisenmenger syndrome Pulmonary causes: Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary edema Pulmonary hemorrhage Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary arterio venous malformations Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts Shock Sepsis Acute chest syndrome Hematologic abnormalities: Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired) Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired) Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells Polycythemia Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)