Sandbox:Chandra

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Causes

• Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):
  • Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
  • Carbon monoxide poisoing
  • Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
  • Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg: Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
• Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude
• Disorders associated with impairment of chestwall or lung expansion:
  • External compression
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Flail chest
• Hypoventilation:
  • Upper airway obstruction:
    • Foreign body aspiration
    • Pertussis/Croup
    • Epiglottitis
    • Tracheitis mostly bacterial
    • Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
    • Congenital airway abnormalities:
      • Choanal atresia
      • Laryngotracheomalacia
      • Macroglossia
      • Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
  • Neurologic abnormalities:
    • CNS depression
    • Severe head trauma
    • Apnea of prematurity
    • Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
    • Intraventricular hemorrhage
    • Seizures
    • Cyanotic breath holding spells
    • Coma
  • Neuromuscular disorders:
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Injury to the phrenic nerve
    • Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
  • Metabolic disorders:
    • Severe hypoglycemia
    • In born errors of metabolism
• Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:
  • Asthma
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Atelectasis
  • Alveolar capillary dysplasia
  • emphysema or COPD
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Pulmonary hypoplasia
  • Pulmonary hemorrhage
  • Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
  • Transient tachypnea of the newborn
• Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pulmonary edema
• Pneumonia
• Bronchiolitis
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• Cystic fibrosis
• Empyema
• Circulatory causes:
  • Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
    • Decreased pulmonary flow:
      • Tetralogy of fallot
      • Tricuspid valve anomalies
        • Tricuspid atresia
        • Tricuspid stenosis
        • Ebstein's anomaly
      • Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
      • Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
    • Increased pulmonary flow:
      • TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
      • Truncus arteriosus
      • TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
    • Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
      • Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
      • Coarctation of aorta
      • Critical valvular aortic stenosis
  • Pulmonary causes:
    • Pulmonary hypertension
    • Pulmonary edema
    • Pulmonary hemorrhage
    • Pulmonary embolism
    • Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
    • Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
  • Shock
  • Sepsis
  • Acute chest syndrome
• Hematologic abnormalities:
  • Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
  • Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
  • Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
  • Polycythemia

• Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
• Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

[Disease name] may be caused by:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

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