Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:46, 6 August 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

OR

The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.

OR

[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.

OR

[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].

OR

[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

There is no racial predilection to [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

OR

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

OR

[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

History and Symptoms

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

References

Template:WikiDoc Sources

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{{Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome}}
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}}
+==Overview==
+==Historical Perspective==
+[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
+The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
+In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
+In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
+There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
+In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
+==Classification==
+There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
+OR
+[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
+OR
+[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
+[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
+OR
+Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
+OR
+If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
+According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
+OR
+The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
+OR
+There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
+==Pathophysiology==
+The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
+OR
+It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+OR
+[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
+OR
+Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
+OR
+[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
+OR
+The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
+OR
+The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 ==Causes==
-Cyanosis can be caused by the following mechanisms, systemic arterial oxygen desaturation and increased oxygen extraction by the tissues. Based on these mechanisms, cyanosis can be either central or peripheral.Certain conditions present with bluish purple discoloration of skin or mucous membranes, can mimic cyanosis, are not associated with hypoxemia or peripheral vasoconstriction and is called pseudocyanosis.
+Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
-===Common Causes===
-====Central Cyanosis====
+OR
-There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25604592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank DB, Hanna BD |title=Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome: current practice in pediatrics |journal=Minerva Pediatr. |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=169–85 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25604592 |pmc=4382100 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22482063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V |title=Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges |journal=ISRN Pediatr |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=175931 |date= 2011 |pmid=22482063 |pmc=3317242 |doi=10.5402/2011/175931 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21462449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serino G, Giacomazzi F |title=[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease] |language=Italian |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=274–9 |date= 2010 |pmid=21462449 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7073040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry S |title=Methemoglobinemia |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=214–21 |date=April 1982 |pmid=7073040 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15342970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM |title=Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=265–73 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15342970 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
+Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
-**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
-**[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+OR
-**Hydrogen [[cyanide poisoning]]
-**Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, [[Propane]], [[methane]], [[Butane|butane,]] [[Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]])
+The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
-*'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: [[Altitude sickness|High altitude]]'''
-*'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:'''
+OR
-**External compression
-**[[Pneumothorax]]
+The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
-**[[Hemothorax]]
-**[[Flail chest]]
+==Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases==
-*'''Hypoventilation:'''
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
-**'''Upper airway obstruction:'''
-***[[Foreign body aspiration]]
+OR
-***[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]]
-***[[Epiglottitis]]
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
-***[[Tracheitis]] mostly bacterial
-***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
+==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-***Congenital airway abnormalities:
+The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
-****[[Choanal atresia]]
-****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
+OR
-****[[Macroglossia]]
-****[[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
+In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
-**'''Neurologic abnormalities:'''
-***[[CNS depression]]
+OR
-***Severe head trauma
-***[[Apnea of prematurity]]
+In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
-***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]])
-***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
-***[[Seizure|Seizures]]
-***Cyanotic breath holding spells
+Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
-***[[Coma]]
-**'''Neuromuscular disorders:'''
+OR
-*** [[Myasthenia gravis]]
-***Injury to the phrenic nerve
+The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
-***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
-**'''Metabolic disorders:'''
+OR
-***Severe [[hypoglycemia]]
-***In born errors of metabolism
+[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
-*'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:'''
-**[[Asthma]]
+OR
-**[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-**[[Atelectasis]]
+[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
-**[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia]]
-**[[emphysema]] or [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]
+OR
-**[[Pulmonary edema]]
-**Pulmonary hypoplasia
+[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
-**[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
-**[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease)
-**[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
-*'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:'''
+There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
-**[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
-**[[Pulmonary edema]]
+OR
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Bronchiolitis]]
+[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
-*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
-*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-*[[Empyema]]
-*'''Vascular causes:'''
+[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
-**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):'''
-***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:'''
+OR
-****[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]]
-****Tricuspid valve anomalies:
+[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
-*****[[Tricuspid atresia]]
-*****[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
-*****[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]]
-****[[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] (critical valvular)
+The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
-****[[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact ventricular septum
-***'''Increased pulmonary flow:'''
+OR
-****[[TGA]] (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
-****[[Truncus arteriosus]]
+[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
-****[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
-***'''Heart failure:'''  Condition that present with cyanosis and  severe heart failure include:
+==Risk Factors==
-****Left sided obstructive lesion ([[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]])
+There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
-****[[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]]
-****Critical valvular [[aortic stenosis]]
+OR
-**'''[[Eisenmenger's syndrome|Eisenmenger syndrome]]'''
-**'''Pulmonary causes:'''
+The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
-***[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-***[[Pulmonary edema]]
+OR
-***[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
-***[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
-***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
-***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
+OR
-**'''[[Shock]]'''
-**'''[[Sepsis]]'''
+Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
-**'''[[Acute chest syndrome]]'''
-*'''Hematologic abnormalities:'''
+==Screening==
-**[[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired)
+There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
-**[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired)
-**Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas,  Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
+OR
-**[[Polycythemia]]
-*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
+According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
+OR
+According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
+==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
+If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+OR
+Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+OR
+Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
+==Diagnosis==
+===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
+OR
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
+OR
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
+OR
+There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
+===History and Symptoms===
+The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
+OR
+The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
+===Physical Examination===
+Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
+OR
+The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
+===Laboratory Findings===
+An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+OR
+Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
+OR
+[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
+OR
+Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
+OR
+There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
+===Electrocardiogram===
+There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===X-ray===
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===CT scan===
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===MRI===
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Other Imaging Findings===
+There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===Other Diagnostic Studies===
+There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+==Treatment==
+===Medical Therapy===
+There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
+OR
+Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
+OR
+The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
+OR
+[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
+OR
+The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
+OR
+The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
+OR
+[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
+OR
+Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
+OR
+Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
+OR
+Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
+OR
+Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
+===Surgery===
+Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
+OR
+Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
+OR
+The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
+OR
+The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
+OR
+Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
+===Primary Prevention===
+There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
+OR
+There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
+OR
+Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
+OR
-====Peripheral Cyanosis====
+[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
-There following are some of the Common causes of Peripheral Cyanosis: <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-*Various conditions that cause central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis.
-*[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]]
-*Decreased cardiac output ([[Congestive heart failure|Left sided heart failure]], [[shock]] or [[hypovolemia]])
-*[[Acrocyanosis]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
-*Arterial obstruction [[Peripheral arterial disease|(Peripheral vascular disease]])
-*Venous obstruction ([[Thromboembolism]])
-*Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
-===Life Threatening Causes===
+===Secondary Prevention===
-Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
-{{MultiCol|80%}}
-*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
-*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
-*[[Epiglottitis]]
-*[[Ethylene glycol]]
-*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
-*[[Hemothorax]]
-{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Malathion]]
-*[[Myocardial infarction]]
-*[[Parathion]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-===Causes by Organ System===
+OR
-{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[acrocyanosis]], [[air embolism]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[alveolar capillary dysplasia ]], [[aortic arch anomalies|aortic arch defects]], [[aortic coarctation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[thromboembolism|arterial occlusion]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]], [[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]], [[blue baby syndrome]], [[Buergers disease]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor biloculare]], [[cor triatriatum]], [[coronary artery anomaly]], [[aortic stenosis|critical valvular aortic stenosis]], [[Crocq disease]], [[cyanotic congenital heart disease]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[double inlet left ventricle]], [[double outlet right ventricle]], [[Ebstein anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[heart attack]], [[hemothorax]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[hypovolemia]], [[hypoxemia]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[intermittent claudication]], [[ischemic heart disease]], isolated ventriculoarterial discordance, [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], Kugel-Stoloff syndrome, [[laryngeal edema]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[mitral atresia|mitral atresia in infants]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[atrioventricular canal|partial atrioventricular canal]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[pulmonary hypertension classification|persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]], [[persistent truncus arteriosus]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]], [[TAPVC|pulmonary venous return anomaly]], [[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|right ventricle hypoplasia]], [[right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]], [[shock]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[pulmonary stenosis|subpulmonary stenosis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[TAPVC]], [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[tricuspid atresia]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[truncus arteriosus]], vascular malposition, [[vascular rings]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-trinitrotoluene]], [[4-Nitrophenol]], [[list of poisonous plants|anchovy poisoning]], [[aniline]], [[anisidine]], [[antifreeze]], [[list of poisonous plants|apple seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|apricot seed poisoning]], [[arsine|arsine gas]], [[list of poisonous plants|bird cherry seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|bitter almond seed poisoning]], [[snakebites|brown snake poisoning]], [[carbamates]], [[chlorate salts]], [[chlorobenzene]], [[mercury|chronic mercury exposure]], clupeotoxin, [[cyanide poisoning]], [[demeton-S-methyl]], [[diazinon]], [[dichlorvos]], [[dicrotophos]], [[dinitrocresol]], [[dioxathion]], [[disulfoton]], [[endosulfan]], [[epichlorohydrin]], [[ethion]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[ethylene oxide]], [[ethylene]], [[fensulfothion]], [[fenthion]], [[methylmercury|herring poisoning]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[iron poisoning]], [[mimicry|lantana poisoning]], [[lead]], [[malathion]], [[methidathion]], [[methiocarb]], [[methomyl]], [[organophosphate poisoning]], [[paraquat]], [[parathion]], [[phosdrin]], [[profenofos]], [[propane]], [[snakebites|sea snake venom]], [[silver iodide]], [[silver nitrate]], [[silver]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[snakebites]], stachybotrys chartarum exposure, [[strychnine]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[terbufos]], [[pyrophosphate|tetraethyl pyrophosphate]], [[tetrodotoxin]], [[thioglycolic acid]], [[trichloroethylene]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrodynia]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[angioneurotic edema]], [[chromhidrosis]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[amiodarone]], [[amyl nitrite]], [[benzocaine]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[beta blockers]],[[bicisate dihydrochloride]], [[bufotenin]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine]], [[clonazepam]], [[clorazepate]], [[codeine]], [[dapsone]], [[desmopressin]], [[diazepam]], [[dilaudid]], [[gray baby syndrome]], [[hydrocodone]], [[hydroquinone]], [[ibuprofen]], [[Imipenem-Cilastatin]],[[lorazepam]], [[lortab]], maternal sedation, [[meperidine]], [[methadone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[midazolam]], [[morphine]], [[narcotics]], [[nitrates]], [[nitrazepam]], [[nitrites]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[oxazepam]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[phenol]], [[phenothiazines]], [[primaquine ]], [[ribavirin]], [[rifampin]], [[sedatives]], [[sulfonamides]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Choanal atresia]], [[epiglottitis]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[macroglossia]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[micrognathia]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[retrognathia]], [[craniofacial anomalies|syndromic microphthalmia type 9]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal hemorrhage]], [[congenital hyperinsulinism]], [[hypoadrenalism]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[Liddle's syndrome|pseudoaldosteronism]], [[hyperchloremic acidosis|type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asbestosis]], [[berylliosis]], [[coal worker's pneumoconiosis]], [[cold exposure]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[insect sting allergy]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|silicosiderosis]], [[silicosis]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Boerhaave syndrome]], [[Cast syndrome]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[congenital diaphragmatic hernia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[duodenal atresia]], [[esophageal atresia]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[acrocephalopolysyndactyly]], [[acrofacial dysostosis]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], [[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|chromosome 22q11 deletion]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 ]], [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[VLCAD deficiency]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]], [[cystic hygroma]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[phlegmasia alba dolens]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mendelson's syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]], [[anthracosis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[bordetella pertussis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[legionellosis]], [[legionnaire's disease]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[melioidosis]], [[meningitis]], [[pertussis]], [[sepsis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcal group B invasive disease ]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[western equine encephalitis]], [[whooping cough]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adams–Oliver syndrome]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[thoracic dystrophy]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adams-Oliver syndrome]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[birth asphyxia]], [[cerebral hypoxia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[encephalitis]], [[head trauma]], [[cerebral hypoxia|hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[meningitis]], [[monomelic amyotrophy]], [[mountain sickness]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[phrenic nerve|phrenic nerve injury]], [[seizure]], [[sleep apnea]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[tonic-clonic seizures]], [[vein of Galen|vein of Galen aneurysm]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]], [[western equine encephalitis]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Meadows syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cystic hygroma]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Opthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Drug overdose]], [[heroin]], [[phosdrin]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[shaken baby syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrocyanosis]], [[acute interstitial pneumonitis]], air leak syndromes, [[airway obstruction]], [[alveolar capillary dysplasia]], [[angioneurotic edema]], [[apnea of prematurity]], [[aspiration]], [[asthma]], [[atelectasis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[bronchiolitis]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[bronchospasm]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[chronic bronchitis]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[chylothorax]], [[community-acquired pneumonia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]], [[congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia]], [[Crocq disease]], [[croup]], [[cystic fibrosis]], diaphragmatic paralysis, [[emphysema]], [[empyema]], [[epiglottitis]], erythrocyanosis, [[exercise-induced asthma]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[interstitial fibrosis|familial interstitial fibrosis ]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[fibrosing alveolitis]], [[flail chest]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]], [[hemothorax]], [[hyaline membrane disease]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[hypoventilation]], [[hypoxemia]], [[hypoxia (medical)]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[tracheal stenosis|idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis ]], [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]], [[infantile apnea]], [[interstitial lung disease]], laryngeal cleft, [[laryngeal edema]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type ]], [[lobar emphysema]], [[lung abscess]], Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[meconium aspiration syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[mountain sickness]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[pleural effusion]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary artery sling]], [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hemorrhage]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[respiratory depression]], [[respiratory distress syndrome]], [[respiratory failure]], respiratory muscle paralysis, [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[sleep apnea]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[spontaneous pneumothorax]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[surfactant deficient disease|surfactant metabolism dysfunction]], [[tension pneumothorax]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheal stenosis]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[transient tachypnea of the newborn]], [[unilateral pulmonary agenesis]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[whooping cough]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[dehydration]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypermagnesemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioneurotic edema]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[Buergers disease]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]],  [[insect sting allergy]], [[laryngeal edema]], [[lupus]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[Raynaud's disease]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Flail chest]], [[head trauma]], [[hemothorax]], [[chest trauma|penetrating chest wounds]], [[shaken baby syndrome]], [[electrical injury|thermal injury]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Dental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Choking]], [[drowning]], [[strangling|hanging]], [[high altitude]], [[hypothermia]], [[immobility]]
-|-
-|}
-===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[1p36 deletion syndrome]]
-*[[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene]]
-*[[4-Nitrophenol]]
-*[[Aberrant subclavian artery]]
-*[[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]]
-*[[Acrocephalopolysyndactyly]]
-*[[Acrocyanosis]]
-*[[Acrodynia]]
-*[[Acrofacial dysostosis]]
-*[[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]]
-*[[Acute interstitial pneumonitis]]
-*[[Adams-Oliver syndrome]]
-*[[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
-*[[Air embolism]]
-*Air leak syndromes
-*[[Airway obstruction ]]
-*Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome
-*[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia ]]
-*[[Amiodarone]]
-*[[Amyl nitrite]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Anchovy poisoning]]
-*[[Angioneurotic edema]]
-*[[Aniline]]
-*[[Anisidine]]
-*[[Anthracosis]]
-*[[Antifreeze]]
-*[[aortic arch anomalies|Aotic arch defects]]
-*[[Aortic coarctation]]
-*[[Aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Apnea of prematurity]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Apple seed poisoning]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Apricot seed poisoning]]
-*[[arsine|Arsine gas]]
-*[[thromboembolism|Arterial occlusion]]
-*[[Asbestosis]]
-*[[Aspiration]]
-*[[Asthma]]
-*[[Atelectasis]]
-*[[Atrial myxoma]]
-*[[Atrial septal defect]]
-*[[Bacterial tracheitis]]
-*[[Benign familial neonatal convulsions]]
-*[[Benzocaine]]
-*[[Benzodiazepines]]
-*[[Berylliosis]]
-*[[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]]
-*[[Beta blockers]]
-*[[Bicisate dihydrochloride]]
-*[[Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
-*[[Birth asphyxia]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Bitter almond poisoning]]
-*[[Blalock-Taussig shunt]]
-*[[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]]
-*[[Blood transfusion]]
-*[[Blue baby syndrome]]
-*[[Boerhaave syndrome]]
-*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
-*[[Bronchiectasis]]
-*[[Bronchiolitis]]
-*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
-*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Buergers disease]]
-*[[snakebites|Brown snake poisoning]]
-*[[Bufotenin]]
-*[[Carbamates]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]]
-*[[Cast syndrome]]
-*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
-*[[Chloramphenicol]]
-*[[Chlorate salts]]
-*[[Chlorobenzene]]
-*[[Chloroquine]]
-*[[Choanal atresia]]
-*[[Choking]]
-*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]
-*[[Cholesterol pneumonia]]
-*[[Chromhidrosis]]
-*[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|Chromosome 22q11 deletion]]
-*[[Chronic bronchitis]]
-*[[mercury|Chronic mercury exposure]]
-*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
-*[[Chylothorax]]
-*[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
-*[[Clonazepam]]
-*[[Clorazepate]]
-*Clupeotoxin
-*[[Coal worker's pneumoconiosis]]
-*[[Codeine]]
-*[[Cold exposure]]
-*[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
-*[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]]
-*[[Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]]
-*[[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
-*[[Congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]
-*[[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*[[Cor biloculare]]
-*[[Cor triatriatum]]
-*[[Coronary artery anomaly]]
-*[[aortic stenosis|Critical valvular aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Crocq disease]]
-*[[Croup]]
-*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
-*[[Cyanotic congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-*[[Cystic hygroma]]
-*[[Dapsone]]
-*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-*[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
-*[[Desmopressin]]
-*Diaphragmatic paralysis
-*[[Diazepam]]
-*[[Diazinon]]
-*[[Dichlorvos]]
-*[[Dicrotophos]]
-*[[DiGeorge syndrome]]
-*[[Dilaudid]]
-*[[Dinitrocresol]]
-*[[Dioxathion]]
-*Diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency
-*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
-*[[Disulfoton]]
-*[[Double inlet left ventricle]]
-*[[Double outlet right ventricle]]
-*[[Drowning]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Drug overdose]]
-*[[Duodenal atresia]]
-*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
-*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
-*[[Emphysema]]
-*[[Empyema]]
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Endosulfan]]
-*[[Epichlorohydrin]]
-*[[Epiglottitis]]
-*Erythrocyanosis
-*[[Esophageal atresia]]
-*[[Ethion]]
-*[[Ethylene]]
-*[[Ethylene glycol]]
-*[[Ethylene oxide]]
-*[[Exercise-induced asthma]]
-*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
-*[[interstitial fibrosis|Familial interstitial fibrosis]]
-*[[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]]
-*[[Fensulfothion]]
-*[[Fenthion]]
-*[[Fibrosing alveolitis]]
-*[[Flail chest]]
-*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
-*[[Goodpasture syndrome]]
-*[[Gray baby syndrome]]
-*[[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]]
-*[[strangling|Hanging]]
-*[[Head trauma]]
-*[[Heart attack]]
-*[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
-*[[Hemothorax]]
-*[[Heroin]]
-*[[methylmercury|Herring poisoning]]
-*[[High altitude]]
-*[[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
-*[[Hyaline membrane disease]]
-*[[Hydrocodone]]
-*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
-*[[Hydroquinone]]
-*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-*[[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]]
-*[[Hypoadrenalism]]
-*[[Hypocalcemia]]
-*[[Hypoglycemia]]
-*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
-*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
-*[[Hypothermia]]
-*[[Hypoventilation]]
-*[[Hypovolemia]]
-*[[Hypoxemia]]
-*[[Hypoxia (medical)]]
-*[[cerebral hypoxia|Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]]
-*[[Ibuprofen]]
-*[[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]]
-*[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
-*[[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]]
-*[[Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[tracheal stenosis|Idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis]]
-*[[Immobility]]
-*[[Infant respiratory distress syndrome]]
-*[[apnea|Infantile apnea]]
-*[[Insect sting allergy]]
-*[[Intermittent claudication]]
-*[[Interrupted aortic arch]]
-*[[Interstitial lung disease]]
-*[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
-*[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
-*[[Iron poisoning]]
-*[[Isaac's syndrome]]
-*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
-*Isolated ventriculoarterial discordance
-*[[Ivemark syndrome]]
-*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
-*Kugel-Stoloff syndrome
-*[[mimicry|Lantana poisoning]]
-*Laryngeal cleft
-*[[Laryngeal edema]]
-*[[Laryngomalacia]]
-*[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
-*[[Lead]]
-*[[Legionellosis]]
-*[[Legionnaire's disease]]
-*[[Fryns syndrome|Lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]]
-*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Lobar emphysema]]
-*[[Lorazepam]]
-*[[Lortab]]
-*[[Ludwig's angina]]
-*[[Lung abscess]]
-*[[Lupus]]
-*[[Macroglossia]]
-*[[Malathion]]
-*[[superior vena cava syndrome|Malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]]
-*[[Marfan syndrome]]
-*Maternal sedation
-*Matthew-Wood syndrome
-*[[Meadows syndrome]]
-*[[Meconium aspiration syndrome]]
-*[[Melioidosis]]
-*[[Mendelson's syndrome]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Meperidine]]
-*[[Methadone]]
-*[[Methemoglobinemia]]
-*[[Methidathion]]
-*[[Methiocarb]]
-*[[Methomyl]]
-*[[Metoclopramide]]
-*[[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]]
-*[[Micrognathia]]
-*[[Midazolam]]
-*[[mitral atresia|Mitral atresia in infants]]
-*[[Monomelic amyotrophy]]
-*[[Morphine]]
-*[[Mountain sickness]]
-*[[Myocardial infarction]]
-*[[Narcotics]]
-*[[myasthenia gravis|Neonatal myasthenia gravis]]
-*[[Neuromyotonia]]
-*[[Nitrates]]
-*[[Nitrazepam]]
-*[[Nitrites]]
-*[[Nitroglycerin]]
-*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
-*[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-*[[Osler-Vaquez disease]]
-*[[Oxazepam]]
-*[[Pancoast tumor]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Paraquat]]
-*[[Parathion]]
-*[[atrioventricular canal|Partial atrioventricular canal]]
-*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
-*[[Patent foramen ovale]]
-*[[chest trauma|Penetrating chest wounds]]
-*[[Pergolide]]
-*[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
-*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Peripheral arterial disease]]
-*[[pulmonary hypertension classification|Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]]
-*[[Persistent truncus arteriosus]]
-*[[Pertussis]]
-*[[Pneumothorax]]
-*[[Phenazopyridine]]
-*[[Phenol]]
-*[[Phenothiazines]]
-*[[Phlegmasia alba dolens]]
-*[[Phlegmasia cerulea dolens]]
-*[[Phosdrin]]
-*[[phrenic nerve|Phrenic nerve injury]]
-*[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
-*[[Pierre Robin syndrome]]
-*[[Pleural effusion]]
-*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Pneumothorax]]
-*[[Polycythemia vera]]
-*[[Primaquine ]]
-*[[Profenofos]]
-*[[Propane]]
-*[[Liddle's syndrome|Pseudoaldosteronism]]
-*Pseudocyanosis
-*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
-*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
-*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
-*[[Pulmonary artery sling]]
-*[[Pulmonary atresia]]
-*[[Pulmonary edema]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
-*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Pulmonary hypoplasia]]
-*[[Pulmonary stenosis]]
-*[[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]]
-*[[TAPVC|Pulmonary venous return anomaly]]
-*[[Raynaud's disease]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
-*[[Respiratory depression]]
-*[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
-*[[Respiratory failure]]
-*Respiratory muscle paralysis
-*[[Retrognathia]]
-*[[Ribavirin]]
-*[[Rifampin]]
-*[[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|Right ventricle hypoplasia]]
-*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
-*[[Sakati syndrome]]
-*[[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]]
-*[[Sarcoidosis]]
-*[[snakebites|Sea snake venom]]
-*[[Sedatives]]
-*[[Seizure]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
-*[[Shaken baby syndrome]]
-*[[Shaver's disease]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Shprintzen syndrome]]
-*[[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|Silicosiderosis]]
-*[[Silicosis]]
-*[[Silver]]
-*[[Silver iodide]]
-*[[Silver nitrate]]
-*[[Sleep apnea]]
-*[[Smoke inhalation]]
-*[[Snakebites]]
-*[[Sneddon syndrome]]
-*[[Spontaneous pneumothorax]]
-*Stachybotrys chartarum exposure
-*[[Streptococcal Group B invasive disease]]
-*[[Strychnine]]
-*[[pulmonary stenosis|Subpulmonary stenosis]]
-*[[Sudden infant death syndrome]]
-*[[Suffocation]]
-*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
-*[[Sulfonamides]]
-*[[Sulfur dioxide]]
-*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
-*[[surfactant deficient disease|Surfactant metabolism dysfunction]]
-*[[craniofacial anomalies|Syndromic microphthalmia type 9]]
-*[[TAPVC]]
-*[[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-*[[Terbufos]]
-*[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
-*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
-*[[Tetrodotoxin]]
-*[[electrical injury|Thermal injury]]
-*[[Thioglycolic acid]]
-*[[arthrogryposis|Thoracic dystrophy]]
-*[[Tonic-clonic seizures]]
-*[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
-*[[tracheal disease|Tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]]
-*[[Tracheal stenosis]]
-*[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
-*[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
-*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
-*[[Trichloroethylene]]
-*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
-*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
-*[[Truncus arteriosus]]
-*[[hyperchloremic acidosis|Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]]
-*[[Unilateral pulmonary agenesis]]
-*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]]
-*[[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
-*Vascular malposition
-*[[Vascular rings]]
-*[[Vein of Galen|Vein of Galen aneurysm]]
-*[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
-*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
-*[[VLCAD deficiency]]
-*[[Vocal cord paralysis]]
-*[[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]
-*[[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-*[[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
-*[[Western equine encephalitis]]
-*[[Whooping cough]]
-{{col-end}}
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
-<references />
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