Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:46, 6 August 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

OR

The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.

OR

[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.

OR

[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].

OR

[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

There is no racial predilection to [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

OR

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

OR

[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

History and Symptoms

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

References

Template:WikiDoc Sources

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
+{{Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome}}
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}}
 ==Overview==
+==Historical Perspective==
+[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
+The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
+In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
+In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
+There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
+In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
+==Classification==
+There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
+OR
+[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
+OR
+[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
+[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
+OR
+Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
+OR
+If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
+According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
+OR
+The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
+OR
+There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
+==Pathophysiology==
+The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
+OR
+It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+OR
+[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
+OR
+Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
+OR
+[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
+OR
+The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
+OR
+The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
+==Causes==
 Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
@@ Line 17: / Line 93: @@
 The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
-==Causes==
+==Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases==
-===Life-threatening Causes===
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
-*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
-*Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
+OR
-*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
+OR
+In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
+OR
+In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
+Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
+OR
+The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
+OR
+[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
+OR
+[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
+OR
+[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
+There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
+OR
+[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
+[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
+OR
+[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
+The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
+OR
+[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
+==Risk Factors==
+There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
+OR
+The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
+OR
+Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
+OR
+Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
+==Screening==
+There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
+OR
+According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
+OR
+According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
+==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
+If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+OR
+Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+OR
+Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
+==Diagnosis==
+===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
+OR
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
+OR
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
+OR
+There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
+===History and Symptoms===
+The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
+OR
+The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
+===Physical Examination===
+Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
+OR
+The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
+===Laboratory Findings===
+An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+OR
+Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
+OR
+[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
+OR
+Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
+OR
+There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
+===Electrocardiogram===
+There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===X-ray===
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===CT scan===
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===MRI===
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Other Imaging Findings===
+There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===Other Diagnostic Studies===
+There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+==Treatment==
+===Medical Therapy===
+There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
+OR
+Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
+OR
+The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
+OR
+[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
+OR
+The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
+OR
+The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
+OR
+[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
+OR
+Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
+OR
+Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
+OR
+Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
+OR
+Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
+===Surgery===
+Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
+OR
+Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
+OR
-===Common Causes===
+The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
-====Central Cyanosis====
-There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25604592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank DB, Hanna BD |title=Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome: current practice in pediatrics |journal=Minerva Pediatr. |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=169–85 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25604592 |pmc=4382100 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22482063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V |title=Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges |journal=ISRN Pediatr |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=175931 |date= 2011 |pmid=22482063 |pmc=3317242 |doi=10.5402/2011/175931 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21462449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serino G, Giacomazzi F |title=[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease] |language=Italian |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=274–9 |date= 2010 |pmid=21462449 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7073040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry S |title=Methemoglobinemia |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=214–21 |date=April 1982 |pmid=7073040 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15342970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM |title=Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=265–73 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15342970 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
-*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
-**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
-**[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
-**Hydrogen [[cyanide poisoning]]
-**Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, [[Propane]], [[methane]], [[Butane|butane,]] [[Hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]])
-*'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: [[Altitude sickness|High altitude]]'''
-*'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:'''
-**External compression
-**[[Pneumothorax]]
-**[[Hemothorax]]
-**[[Flail chest]]
-*'''Hypoventilation:'''
-**'''Upper airway obstruction:'''
-***[[Foreign body aspiration]]
-***[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]]
-***[[Epiglottitis]]
-***[[Tracheitis]] mostly bacterial
-***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
-***Congenital airway abnormalities:
-****[[Choanal atresia]]
-****[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
-****[[Macroglossia]]
-****[[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
-**'''Neurologic abnormalities:'''
-***[[CNS depression]]
-***Severe head trauma
-***[[Apnea of prematurity]]
-***Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]])
-***[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
-***[[Seizure|Seizures]]
-***Cyanotic breath holding spells
-***[[Coma]]
-**'''Neuromuscular disorders:'''
-*** [[Myasthenia gravis]]
-***Injury to the phrenic nerve
-***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
-**'''Metabolic disorders:'''
-***Severe [[hypoglycemia]]
-***In born errors of metabolism
-*'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:'''
-**[[Asthma]]
-**[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-**[[Atelectasis]]
-**[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia]]
-**[[emphysema]] or [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]
-**[[Pulmonary edema]]
-**Pulmonary hypoplasia
-**[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
-**[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Respiratory distress syndrome]] (Hyaline membrane disease)
-**[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
-*'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:'''
-**[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
-**[[Pulmonary edema]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Bronchiolitis]]
-*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
-*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-*[[Empyema]]
-*'''Vascular causes:'''
-**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):'''
-***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:'''
-****[[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]]
-****Tricuspid valve anomalies:
-*****[[Tricuspid atresia]]
-*****[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
-*****[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]]
-****[[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] (critical valvular)
-****[[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact ventricular septum
-***'''Increased pulmonary flow:'''
-****[[TGA]] (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
-****[[Truncus arteriosus]]
-****[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
-***'''Heart failure:'''  Condition that present with cyanosis and  severe heart failure include:
-****Left sided obstructive lesion ([[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]])
-****[[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]]
-****Critical valvular [[aortic stenosis]]
-**'''[[Eisenmenger's syndrome|Eisenmenger syndrome]]'''
-**'''Pulmonary causes:'''
-***[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-***[[Pulmonary edema]]
-***[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
-***[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
-***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
-**'''[[Shock]]'''
-**'''[[Sepsis]]'''
-**'''[[Acute chest syndrome]]'''
-*'''Hematologic abnormalities:'''
-**[[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired)
-**[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired)
-**Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas,  Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
-**[[Polycythemia]]
-*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
-====Peripheral Cyanosis====
+OR
-There following are some of the Common causes of Peripheral Cyanosis: <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-*Various conditions that cause central cyanosis can also cause peripheral cyanosis.
-*[[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]]
-*Decreased cardiac output ([[Congestive heart failure|Left sided heart failure]], [[shock]] or [[hypovolemia]])
-*[[Acrocyanosis]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
-*Arterial obstruction [[Peripheral arterial disease|(Peripheral vascular disease]])
-*Venous obstruction ([[Thromboembolism]])
-*Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
+The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
+OR
+Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
+===Primary Prevention===
+There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
-[Disease name] may be caused by:
+OR
-*[Cause1]
-*[Cause2]
-*[Cause3]
+There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
 OR
+Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
-*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
+OR
-*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
-===Less Common Causes===
+[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
-Less common causes of [[disease name]] include:
-*[Cause1]
-*[Cause2]
-*[Cause3]
-===Genetic Causes===
+===Secondary Prevention===
-*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
+There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
-===Causes by Organ System===
+OR
-{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[acrocyanosis]], [[air embolism]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[alveolar capillary dysplasia ]], [[aortic arch anomalies|aortic arch defects]], [[aortic coarctation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[thromboembolism|arterial occlusion]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]], [[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]], [[blue baby syndrome]], [[Buergers disease]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor biloculare]], [[cor triatriatum]], [[coronary artery anomaly]], [[aortic stenosis|critical valvular aortic stenosis]], [[Crocq disease]], [[cyanotic congenital heart disease]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[double inlet left ventricle]], [[double outlet right ventricle]], [[Ebstein anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger syndrome]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[heart attack]], [[hemothorax]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[hypovolemia]], [[hypoxemia]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[intermittent claudication]], [[ischemic heart disease]], isolated ventriculoarterial discordance, [[Ivemark syndrome]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], Kugel-Stoloff syndrome, [[laryngeal edema]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[mitral atresia|mitral atresia in infants]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[atrioventricular canal|partial atrioventricular canal]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[pulmonary hypertension classification|persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]], [[persistent truncus arteriosus]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]], [[TAPVC|pulmonary venous return anomaly]], [[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|right ventricle hypoplasia]], [[right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]], [[shock]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[pulmonary stenosis|subpulmonary stenosis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[TAPVC]], [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[tricuspid atresia]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[truncus arteriosus]], vascular malposition, [[vascular rings]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-trinitrotoluene]], [[4-Nitrophenol]], [[list of poisonous plants|anchovy poisoning]], [[aniline]], [[anisidine]], [[antifreeze]], [[list of poisonous plants|apple seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|apricot seed poisoning]], [[arsine|arsine gas]], [[list of poisonous plants|bird cherry seed poisoning]], [[list of poisonous plants|bitter almond seed poisoning]], [[snakebites|brown snake poisoning]], [[carbamates]], [[chlorate salts]], [[chlorobenzene]], [[mercury|chronic mercury exposure]], clupeotoxin, [[cyanide poisoning]], [[demeton-S-methyl]], [[diazinon]], [[dichlorvos]], [[dicrotophos]], [[dinitrocresol]], [[dioxathion]], [[disulfoton]], [[endosulfan]], [[epichlorohydrin]], [[ethion]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[ethylene oxide]], [[ethylene]], [[fensulfothion]], [[fenthion]], [[methylmercury|herring poisoning]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[iron poisoning]], [[mimicry|lantana poisoning]], [[lead]], [[malathion]], [[methidathion]], [[methiocarb]], [[methomyl]], [[organophosphate poisoning]], [[paraquat]], [[parathion]], [[phosdrin]], [[profenofos]], [[propane]], [[snakebites|sea snake venom]], [[silver iodide]], [[silver nitrate]], [[silver]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[snakebites]], stachybotrys chartarum exposure, [[strychnine]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[terbufos]], [[pyrophosphate|tetraethyl pyrophosphate]], [[tetrodotoxin]], [[thioglycolic acid]], [[trichloroethylene]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrodynia]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, [[angioneurotic edema]], [[chromhidrosis]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]], [[amiodarone]], [[amyl nitrite]], [[benzocaine]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[beta blockers]],[[bicisate dihydrochloride]], [[bufotenin]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine]], [[clonazepam]], [[clorazepate]], [[codeine]], [[dapsone]], [[desmopressin]], [[diazepam]], [[dilaudid]], [[gray baby syndrome]], [[hydrocodone]], [[hydroquinone]], [[ibuprofen]], [[Imipenem-Cilastatin]],[[lorazepam]], [[lortab]], maternal sedation, [[meperidine]], [[methadone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[midazolam]], [[morphine]], [[narcotics]], [[nitrates]], [[nitrazepam]], [[nitrites]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[oxazepam]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[phenol]], [[phenothiazines]], [[primaquine ]], [[ribavirin]], [[rifampin]], [[sedatives]], [[sulfonamides]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Choanal atresia]], [[epiglottitis]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[macroglossia]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[micrognathia]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[retrognathia]], [[craniofacial anomalies|syndromic microphthalmia type 9]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal hemorrhage]], [[congenital hyperinsulinism]], [[hypoadrenalism]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[Liddle's syndrome|pseudoaldosteronism]], [[hyperchloremic acidosis|type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asbestosis]], [[berylliosis]], [[coal worker's pneumoconiosis]], [[cold exposure]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[insect sting allergy]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|silicosiderosis]], [[silicosis]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Boerhaave syndrome]], [[Cast syndrome]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[congenital diaphragmatic hernia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[duodenal atresia]], [[esophageal atresia]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[acrocephalopolysyndactyly]], [[acrofacial dysostosis]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], [[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|chromosome 22q11 deletion]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 ]], [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[VLCAD deficiency]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]], [[cystic hygroma]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[phlegmasia alba dolens]], [[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[sulfhemoglobinemia]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mendelson's syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]], [[anthracosis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[bordetella pertussis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[legionellosis]], [[legionnaire's disease]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[melioidosis]], [[meningitis]], [[pertussis]], [[sepsis]], [[group B streptococcal infection|streptococcal group B invasive disease ]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]], [[western equine encephalitis]], [[whooping cough]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adams–Oliver syndrome]], Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome, Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]], [[microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[thoracic dystrophy]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adams-Oliver syndrome]], [[benign familial neonatal convulsions]], Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome, [[birth asphyxia]], [[cerebral hypoxia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[encephalitis]], [[head trauma]], [[cerebral hypoxia|hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[Isaac's syndrome]], [[meningitis]], [[monomelic amyotrophy]], [[mountain sickness]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[phrenic nerve|phrenic nerve injury]], [[seizure]], [[sleep apnea]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[tonic-clonic seizures]], [[vein of Galen|vein of Galen aneurysm]], [[vocal cord paralysis]], [[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]], [[western equine encephalitis]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Meadows syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cystic hygroma]], [[superior vena cava syndrome|malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Opthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Drug overdose]], [[heroin]], [[phosdrin]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[shaken baby syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrocyanosis]], [[acute interstitial pneumonitis]], air leak syndromes, [[airway obstruction]], [[alveolar capillary dysplasia]], [[angioneurotic edema]], [[apnea of prematurity]], [[aspiration]], [[asthma]], [[atelectasis]], [[bacterial tracheitis]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[bronchiolitis]], [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]], [[bronchospasm]], [[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]], [[cholesterol pneumonia]], [[chronic bronchitis]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[chylothorax]], [[community-acquired pneumonia]], [[congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]], [[congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]], [[congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia]], [[Crocq disease]], [[croup]], [[cystic fibrosis]], diaphragmatic paralysis, [[emphysema]], [[empyema]], [[epiglottitis]], erythrocyanosis, [[exercise-induced asthma]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[interstitial fibrosis|familial interstitial fibrosis ]], [[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]], [[fibrosing alveolitis]], [[flail chest]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]], [[hemothorax]], [[hyaline membrane disease]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]], [[hypoventilation]], [[hypoxemia]], [[hypoxia (medical)]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]], [[idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[tracheal stenosis|idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis ]], [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]], [[infantile apnea]], [[interstitial lung disease]], laryngeal cleft, [[laryngeal edema]], [[laryngomalacia]], [[laryngotracheomalacia]], [[Fryns syndrome|lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type ]], [[lobar emphysema]], [[lung abscess]], Matthew-Wood syndrome, [[meconium aspiration syndrome]], [[Mendelson's syndrome]], [[mountain sickness]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[Pickwickian syndrome]], [[Pierre Robin syndrome]], [[pleural effusion]], [[pneumoconiosis]], [[pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], pseudocyanosis, [[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[pulmonary artery sling]], [[pulmonary atresia]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hemorrhage]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[respiratory depression]], [[respiratory distress syndrome]], [[respiratory failure]], respiratory muscle paralysis, [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shaver's disease]], [[sleep apnea]], [[smoke inhalation]], [[spontaneous pneumothorax]], [[sudden infant death syndrome]], [[suffocation]], [[surfactant deficient disease|surfactant metabolism dysfunction]], [[tension pneumothorax]], [[tracheal disease|tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[tracheal stenosis]], [[tracheoesophageal fistula]], [[transient tachypnea of the newborn]], [[unilateral pulmonary agenesis]], [[congenital pulmonary anomalies|unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]], [[whooping cough]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[dehydration]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypermagnesemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioneurotic edema]], [[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]], [[Buergers disease]], [[DiGeorge syndrome]], [[extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Goodpasture syndrome]], [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]],  [[insect sting allergy]], [[laryngeal edema]], [[lupus]], [[myasthenia gravis|neonatal myasthenia gravis]], [[Raynaud's disease]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Shprintzen syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Flail chest]], [[head trauma]], [[hemothorax]], [[chest trauma|penetrating chest wounds]], [[shaken baby syndrome]], [[electrical injury|thermal injury]],
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Dental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Choking]], [[drowning]], [[strangling|hanging]], [[high altitude]], [[hypothermia]], [[immobility]]
-|-
-|}
-===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[1p36 deletion syndrome]]
-*[[trinitrotoluene|2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene]]
-*[[4-Nitrophenol]]
-*[[Aberrant subclavian artery]]
-*[[vicodin|Acetaminophen and hydrocodone]]
-*[[Acrocephalopolysyndactyly]]
-*[[Acrocyanosis]]
-*[[Acrodynia]]
-*[[Acrofacial dysostosis]]
-*[[histoplasmosis|Acute histoplasmosis]]
-*[[Acute interstitial pneumonitis]]
-*[[Adams-Oliver syndrome]]
-*[[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
-*[[Air embolism]]
-*Air leak syndromes
-*[[Airway obstruction ]]
-*Al Gazali-Aziz-Salem syndrome
-*[[Alveolar capillary dysplasia ]]
-*[[Amiodarone]]
-*[[Amyl nitrite]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Anchovy poisoning]]
-*[[Angioneurotic edema]]
-*[[Aniline]]
-*[[Anisidine]]
-*[[Anthracosis]]
-*[[Antifreeze]]
-*[[aortic arch anomalies|Aotic arch defects]]
-*[[Aortic coarctation]]
-*[[Aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Apnea of prematurity]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Apple seed poisoning]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Apricot seed poisoning]]
-*[[arsine|Arsine gas]]
-*[[thromboembolism|Arterial occlusion]]
-*[[Asbestosis]]
-*[[Aspiration]]
-*[[Asthma]]
-*[[Atelectasis]]
-*[[Atrial myxoma]]
-*[[Atrial septal defect]]
-*[[Bacterial tracheitis]]
-*[[Benign familial neonatal convulsions]]
-*[[Benzocaine]]
-*[[Benzodiazepines]]
-*[[Berylliosis]]
-*[[Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease]]
-*[[Beta blockers]]
-*[[Bicisate dihydrochloride]]
-*[[Bindewald-Ulmer-Muller syndrome]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
-*[[Birth asphyxia]]
-*[[list of poisonous plants|Bitter almond poisoning]]
-*[[Blalock-Taussig shunt]]
-*[[Bland-White-Garland syndrome]]
-*[[Blood transfusion]]
-*[[Blue baby syndrome]]
-*[[Boerhaave syndrome]]
-*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
-*[[Bronchiectasis]]
-*[[Bronchiolitis]]
-*[[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]]
-*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Buergers disease]]
-*[[snakebites|Brown snake poisoning]]
-*[[Bufotenin]]
-*[[Carbamates]]
-*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
-*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[acrocyanosis|Cassirer disease]]
-*[[Cast syndrome]]
-*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
-*[[Chloramphenicol]]
-*[[Chlorate salts]]
-*[[Chlorobenzene]]
-*[[Chloroquine]]
-*[[Choanal atresia]]
-*[[Choking]]
-*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]
-*[[Cholesterol pneumonia]]
-*[[Chromhidrosis]]
-*[[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|Chromosome 22q11 deletion]]
-*[[Chronic bronchitis]]
-*[[mercury|Chronic mercury exposure]]
-*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
-*[[Chylothorax]]
-*[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
-*[[Clonazepam]]
-*[[Clorazepate]]
-*Clupeotoxin
-*[[Coal worker's pneumoconiosis]]
-*[[Codeine]]
-*[[Cold exposure]]
-*[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
-*[[Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome]]
-*[[Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation]]
-*[[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
-*[[Congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]
-*[[Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-*[[Cor biloculare]]
-*[[Cor triatriatum]]
-*[[Coronary artery anomaly]]
-*[[aortic stenosis|Critical valvular aortic stenosis]]
-*[[Crocq disease]]
-*[[Croup]]
-*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
-*[[Cyanotic congenital heart disease]]
-*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-*[[Cystic hygroma]]
-*[[Dapsone]]
-*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-*[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
-*[[Desmopressin]]
-*Diaphragmatic paralysis
-*[[Diazepam]]
-*[[Diazinon]]
-*[[Dichlorvos]]
-*[[Dicrotophos]]
-*[[DiGeorge syndrome]]
-*[[Dilaudid]]
-*[[Dinitrocresol]]
-*[[Dioxathion]]
-*Diphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency
-*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
-*[[Disulfoton]]
-*[[Double inlet left ventricle]]
-*[[Double outlet right ventricle]]
-*[[Drowning]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Drug overdose]]
-*[[Duodenal atresia]]
-*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
-*[[Eisenmenger syndrome]]
-*[[Emphysema]]
-*[[Empyema]]
-*[[Encephalitis]]
-*[[Endosulfan]]
-*[[Epichlorohydrin]]
-*[[Epiglottitis]]
-*Erythrocyanosis
-*[[Esophageal atresia]]
-*[[Ethion]]
-*[[Ethylene]]
-*[[Ethylene glycol]]
-*[[Ethylene oxide]]
-*[[Exercise-induced asthma]]
-*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
-*[[interstitial fibrosis|Familial interstitial fibrosis]]
-*[[pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis|Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis]]
-*[[Fensulfothion]]
-*[[Fenthion]]
-*[[Fibrosing alveolitis]]
-*[[Flail chest]]
-*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
-*[[Goodpasture syndrome]]
-*[[Gray baby syndrome]]
-*[[Hamman-Rich syndrome ]]
-*[[strangling|Hanging]]
-*[[Head trauma]]
-*[[Heart attack]]
-*[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
-*[[Hemothorax]]
-*[[Heroin]]
-*[[methylmercury|Herring poisoning]]
-*[[High altitude]]
-*[[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
-*[[Hyaline membrane disease]]
-*[[Hydrocodone]]
-*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
-*[[Hydroquinone]]
-*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-*[[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]]
-*[[Hypoadrenalism]]
-*[[Hypocalcemia]]
-*[[Hypoglycemia]]
-*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
-*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
-*[[Hypothermia]]
-*[[Hypoventilation]]
-*[[Hypovolemia]]
-*[[Hypoxemia]]
-*[[Hypoxia (medical)]]
-*[[cerebral hypoxia|Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy]]
-*[[Ibuprofen]]
-*[[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis]]
-*[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
-*[[Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]]
-*[[Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[tracheal stenosis|Idiopathic subglottic tracheal stenosis]]
-*[[Immobility]]
-*[[Infant respiratory distress syndrome]]
-*[[apnea|Infantile apnea]]
-*[[Insect sting allergy]]
-*[[Intermittent claudication]]
-*[[Interrupted aortic arch]]
-*[[Interstitial lung disease]]
-*[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
-*[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
-*[[Iron poisoning]]
-*[[Isaac's syndrome]]
-*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
-*Isolated ventriculoarterial discordance
-*[[Ivemark syndrome]]
-*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
-*Kugel-Stoloff syndrome
-*[[mimicry|Lantana poisoning]]
-*Laryngeal cleft
-*[[Laryngeal edema]]
-*[[Laryngomalacia]]
-*[[Laryngotracheomalacia]]
-*[[Lead]]
-*[[Legionellosis]]
-*[[Legionnaire's disease]]
-*[[Fryns syndrome|Lethal chondrodysplasia Moerman type]]
-*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Lobar emphysema]]
-*[[Lorazepam]]
-*[[Lortab]]
-*[[Ludwig's angina]]
-*[[Lung abscess]]
-*[[Lupus]]
-*[[Macroglossia]]
-*[[Malathion]]
-*[[superior vena cava syndrome|Malignancy-related superior vena cava syndrome]]
-*[[Marfan syndrome]]
-*Maternal sedation
-*Matthew-Wood syndrome
-*[[Meadows syndrome]]
-*[[Meconium aspiration syndrome]]
-*[[Melioidosis]]
-*[[Mendelson's syndrome]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Meperidine]]
-*[[Methadone]]
-*[[Methemoglobinemia]]
-*[[Methidathion]]
-*[[Methiocarb]]
-*[[Methomyl]]
-*[[Metoclopramide]]
-*[[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1]]
-*[[Micrognathia]]
-*[[Midazolam]]
-*[[mitral atresia|Mitral atresia in infants]]
-*[[Monomelic amyotrophy]]
-*[[Morphine]]
-*[[Mountain sickness]]
-*[[Myocardial infarction]]
-*[[Narcotics]]
-*[[myasthenia gravis|Neonatal myasthenia gravis]]
-*[[Neuromyotonia]]
-*[[Nitrates]]
-*[[Nitrazepam]]
-*[[Nitrites]]
-*[[Nitroglycerin]]
-*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
-*[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-*[[Osler-Vaquez disease]]
-*[[Oxazepam]]
-*[[Pancoast tumor]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Paraquat]]
-*[[Parathion]]
-*[[atrioventricular canal|Partial atrioventricular canal]]
-*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
-*[[Patent foramen ovale]]
-*[[chest trauma|Penetrating chest wounds]]
-*[[Pergolide]]
-*[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
-*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Peripheral arterial disease]]
-*[[pulmonary hypertension classification|Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn]]
-*[[Persistent truncus arteriosus]]
-*[[Pertussis]]
-*[[Pneumothorax]]
-*[[Phenazopyridine]]
-*[[Phenol]]
-*[[Phenothiazines]]
-*[[Phlegmasia alba dolens]]
-*[[Phlegmasia cerulea dolens]]
-*[[Phosdrin]]
-*[[phrenic nerve|Phrenic nerve injury]]
-*[[Pickwickian syndrome]]
-*[[Pierre Robin syndrome]]
-*[[Pleural effusion]]
-*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Pneumothorax]]
-*[[Polycythemia vera]]
-*[[Primaquine ]]
-*[[Profenofos]]
-*[[Propane]]
-*[[Liddle's syndrome|Pseudoaldosteronism]]
-*Pseudocyanosis
-*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
-*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
-*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
-*[[Pulmonary artery sling]]
-*[[Pulmonary atresia]]
-*[[Pulmonary edema]]
-*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Pulmonary fibrosis]]
-*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Pulmonary hypoplasia]]
-*[[Pulmonary stenosis]]
-*[[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]]
-*[[TAPVC|Pulmonary venous return anomaly]]
-*[[Raynaud's disease]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
-*[[Respiratory depression]]
-*[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
-*[[Respiratory failure]]
-*Respiratory muscle paralysis
-*[[Retrognathia]]
-*[[Ribavirin]]
-*[[Rifampin]]
-*[[hypoplastic right heart syndrome|Right ventricle hypoplasia]]
-*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
-*[[Sakati syndrome]]
-*[[Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale syndrome]]
-*[[Sarcoidosis]]
-*[[snakebites|Sea snake venom]]
-*[[Sedatives]]
-*[[Seizure]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
-*[[Shaken baby syndrome]]
-*[[Shaver's disease]]
-*[[Shock]]
-*[[Shprintzen syndrome]]
-*[[pneumoconiosis pathophysiology|Silicosiderosis]]
-*[[Silicosis]]
-*[[Silver]]
-*[[Silver iodide]]
-*[[Silver nitrate]]
-*[[Sleep apnea]]
-*[[Smoke inhalation]]
-*[[Snakebites]]
-*[[Sneddon syndrome]]
-*[[Spontaneous pneumothorax]]
-*Stachybotrys chartarum exposure
-*[[Streptococcal Group B invasive disease]]
-*[[Strychnine]]
-*[[pulmonary stenosis|Subpulmonary stenosis]]
-*[[Sudden infant death syndrome]]
-*[[Suffocation]]
-*[[Sulfhemoglobinemia]]
-*[[Sulfonamides]]
-*[[Sulfur dioxide]]
-*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
-*[[surfactant deficient disease|Surfactant metabolism dysfunction]]
-*[[craniofacial anomalies|Syndromic microphthalmia type 9]]
-*[[TAPVC]]
-*[[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]
-*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-*[[Terbufos]]
-*[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
-*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
-*[[Tetrodotoxin]]
-*[[electrical injury|Thermal injury]]
-*[[Thioglycolic acid]]
-*[[arthrogryposis|Thoracic dystrophy]]
-*[[Tonic-clonic seizures]]
-*[[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
-*[[tracheal disease|Tracheal agenesis without tracheoesophageal fistula]]
-*[[Tracheal stenosis]]
-*[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
-*[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn]]
-*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
-*[[Trichloroethylene]]
-*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
-*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
-*[[Truncus arteriosus]]
-*[[hyperchloremic acidosis|Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism]]
-*[[Unilateral pulmonary agenesis]]
-*[[congenital pulmonary anomalies|Unilateral pulmonary hypoplasia]]
-*[[polycythemia vera|Vaquez disease]]
-*Vascular malposition
-*[[Vascular rings]]
-*[[Vein of Galen|Vein of Galen aneurysm]]
-*[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
-*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
-*[[VLCAD deficiency]]
-*[[Vocal cord paralysis]]
-*[[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]
-*[[Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome]]
-*[[Werdnig-Hoffman disease]]
-*[[Western equine encephalitis]]
-*[[Whooping cough]]
-{{col-end}}
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
-<references />
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