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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
===Typhoid Fever=== | |||
[[Salmonella]] was initially isolated from the [[intestines]] of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The [[bacteria]] was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith, in 1885. However, this disease was later discovered to be associated with a [[viral infection]], with secondary [[infection]] by Salmonella.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | |||
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots related to the disease.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | [[Typhoid fever]] was confused with [[typhus]] prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the [[spleen]] and [[intestinal]] [[lymph nodes]] was able to distinguish [[typhoid]] from other types of [[fever]]. Additionally, P. Luis described the [[hemorrhage]], [[intestinal perforation]] and [[rose spots]] to be related to the disease.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | ||
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the English literature. According to him, [[typhoid]] was associated with enlarged [[mesenteric lymph nodes]] and [[Peyer's patches]]. He also noted that history of [[typhoid]] protected the individual from further disease, which did not | William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between [[typhoid fever]] and [[typhus]] in the English literature. According to him, [[typhoid]] was associated with enlarged [[mesenteric lymph nodes]] and [[Peyer's patches]]. He also noted that previous history of [[typhoid]] protected the individual from further disease, which did not occur in [[typhus]]. The term [[enteric fever]] was first introduced by Wilson, who in 1869 suggested it, after the anatomic region where [[infection]] occurred. Today both nomenclatures are used, with preference given to [[enteric fever]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | ||
The [[transmission]] of [[typhoid fever]] was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.<ref name="pmid18009937">{{cite journal| author=Budd W| title=TYPHOID FEVER ITS NATURE, MODE OF SPREADING, AND PREVENTION. | journal=Am J Public Health (N Y) | year= 1918 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 610-2 | pmid=18009937 | doi= | pmc=PMC1362304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18009937 }} </ref> | The [[transmission]] of [[typhoid fever]] was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.<ref name="pmid18009937">{{cite journal| author=Budd W| title=TYPHOID FEVER ITS NATURE, MODE OF SPREADING, AND PREVENTION. | journal=Am J Public Health (N Y) | year= 1918 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 610-2 | pmid=18009937 | doi= | pmc=PMC1362304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18009937 }} </ref> | ||
In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the bacterium in Germany, from the [[spleen]] of patients with the disease.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the [[Salmonella|bacterium]] in Germany, from the [[spleen]] of patients with the disease.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | ||
The first typhoid vaccine was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using organisms killed by heat. Widal et all. also demonstrated on | The first [[typhoid]] [[vaccine]] was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using organisms killed by heat. Widal et all. also demonstrated, on the same year, that sera from convalescent [[typhoid]] patients made the live organisms lose [[motility]] and group in clusters.<ref name="EllermeierSlauch2006">{{cite journal|last1=Ellermeier|first1=Craig D.|last2=Slauch|first2=James M.|title=The Genus Salmonella|year=2006|pages=123–158|doi=10.1007/0-387-30746-X_7}}</ref> | ||
After several years of [[antibody]] studies, and their interactions with the [[bacterial]] surface, [[Salmonella]] was classified into [[serotype]]s, according to its [[antigens]], by Kauffman and White.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | |||
Modern [[antibiotic]] therapy of [[typhoid fever]] derives from the successful treatment of a Malaysian patient in 1948.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | |||
Modern [[antibiotic]] therapy of typhoid fever derives from the successful treatment of a Malaysian patient in 1948.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith, in 1885. However, this disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection by Salmonella.[1]
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots to be related to the disease.[2]
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the English literature. According to him, typhoid was associated with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. He also noted that previous history of typhoid protected the individual from further disease, which did not occur in typhus. The term enteric fever was first introduced by Wilson, who in 1869 suggested it, after the anatomic region where infection occurred. Today both nomenclatures are used, with preference given to enteric fever.[3]
The transmission of typhoid fever was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.[4]
In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the bacterium in Germany, from the spleen of patients with the disease.[5]
The first typhoid vaccine was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using organisms killed by heat. Widal et all. also demonstrated, on the same year, that sera from convalescent typhoid patients made the live organisms lose motility and group in clusters.[6]
After several years of antibody studies, and their interactions with the bacterial surface, Salmonella was classified into serotypes, according to its antigens, by Kauffman and White.[7]
Modern antibiotic therapy of typhoid fever derives from the successful treatment of a Malaysian patient in 1948.[8]
References
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Budd W (1918). "TYPHOID FEVER ITS NATURE, MODE OF SPREADING, AND PREVENTION". Am J Public Health (N Y). 8 (8): 610–2. PMC 1362304. PMID 18009937.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Ellermeier, Craig D.; Slauch, James M. (2006). "The Genus Salmonella": 123–158. doi:10.1007/0-387-30746-X_7.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.