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Revision as of 20:49, 22 August 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Salmonellosis is a global health issue and is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. There are major limitations preventing assessment of the global burden of salmonellosis. Many regions of the world, especially those with a large proportion of the global population such as South/Southeast Asia and South America, do not have publicly available data regarding salmonellosis surveillance. In the U.S., the incidence rate was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. In Europe, the overall reported incidence rate was 39.01 per 100,000 persons in 2005.^[1] Children and the elderly have a higher rate of incidence.^[2]

Incidence

Worlwide, salmonellosis is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. In 2005, the estimated overall incidence rate for Europe was 39.01 per 100,000 persons. The countries with highest reported incidence were the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, the notification rate of salmonellosis by EU and EEA/EFTA countries was 34.26 per 100,000 persons. In the U.S., Salmonella causes approximately 1 million foodborne infections annually. The incidence of salmonellosis in the U.S., was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. Incidence was highest in the youngest age groups(≤ 4 years) at approximately 4.7 - 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. ^[2]^[1]

*Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)*^[3]

Age

The highest incidence of salmonellosis occurs in the age group 0-4. Older age groups also have a greater incidence.

Gender

The incidence of salmonellosis does not vary by gender.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM; et al. (2012). "Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections". Clin Infect Dis. 54 Suppl 5: S488–97. doi:10.1093/cid/cis231. PMID 22572674.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ; et al. (2010). "The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (6): 882–9. doi:10.1086/650733. PMID 20158401.
↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" (PDF).

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid22572674-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM; et al. (2012). "Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections". Clin Infect Dis. 54 Suppl 5: S488–97. doi:10.1093/cid/cis231. PMID 22572674.

[pmid20158401-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ; et al. (2010). "The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (6): 882–9. doi:10.1086/650733. PMID 20158401.

[Salmonella-3] "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" (PDF).

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==Overview==
-[[Salmonellosis]] is a global health issue and is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of [[gastroenteritis]] each year. There are major limitations preventing assessment of the global burden of salmonellosis. Many regions of the world, especially those with a large proportion of the global population such as South/Southeast Asia and South America, do not have publicly available data regarding salmonellosis surveillance. In the U.S., the incidence rate was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 in 2008. In Europe, the overall reported incidence rate was 39.01 per 100,000 in 2005.<ref name="pmid22572674">{{cite journal| author=Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= S488-97 | pmid=22572674 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis231 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22572674  }} </ref> Children and the elderly have a higher rate of incidence.<ref name="pmid20158401">{{cite journal| author=Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ et al.| title=The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 882-9 | pmid=20158401 | doi=10.1086/650733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20158401  }} </ref>
+[[Salmonellosis]] is a global health issue and is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of [[gastroenteritis]] each year. There are major limitations preventing assessment of the global burden of salmonellosis. Many regions of the world, especially those with a large proportion of the global population such as South/Southeast Asia and South America, do not have publicly available data regarding salmonellosis surveillance. In the U.S., the [[incidence]] rate was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. In Europe, the overall reported [[incidence]] rate was 39.01 per 100,000 persons in 2005.<ref name="pmid22572674">{{cite journal| author=Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= S488-97 | pmid=22572674 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis231 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22572674  }} </ref> Children and the elderly have a higher rate of incidence.<ref name="pmid20158401">{{cite journal| author=Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ et al.| title=The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 882-9 | pmid=20158401 | doi=10.1086/650733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20158401  }} </ref>
 ==Incidence==
-Worlwide, salmonellosis is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year. In 2005, the estimated overall incidence rate for Europe was 39.01 per 100,000 population. The countries with highest reported incidence were the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, the notification rate of salmonellosis by EU and EEA/EFTA countries was 34.26 per 100,000. In the U.S., Salmonella causes approximately 1 million foodborne infections annually. The incidence of salmonellosis in the U.S., was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2008. Incidence was highest in the youngest age groups(≤ 4 years) at approximately 4.7 - 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. <ref name="pmid20158401">{{cite journal| author=Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ et al.| title=The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 882-9 | pmid=20158401 | doi=10.1086/650733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20158401  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22572674">{{cite journal| author=Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= S488-97 | pmid=22572674 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis231 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22572674  }} </ref>
+Worlwide, salmonellosis is estimated to cause approximately 93.8 million cases of [[gastroenteritis]] each year. In 2005, the estimated overall incidence rate for Europe was 39.01 per 100,000 persons. The countries with highest reported incidence were the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2007, the notification rate of salmonellosis by EU and EEA/EFTA countries was 34.26 per 100,000 persons. In the U.S., Salmonella causes approximately 1 million foodborne infections annually. The incidence of salmonellosis in the U.S., was approximately 2.8 cases per 100,000 persons in 2008. Incidence was highest in the youngest age groups(≤ 4 years) at approximately 4.7 - 6.9 cases per 100,000 population. <ref name="pmid20158401">{{cite journal| author=Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ et al.| title=The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 882-9 | pmid=20158401 | doi=10.1086/650733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20158401  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22572674">{{cite journal| author=Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, Solghan SM, Medus C, McGlinchey BM et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= S488-97 | pmid=22572674 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis231 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22572674  }} </ref>
 [[image:Salmonella.png|600px|thumb|center|<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf  Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="Salmonella">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/PDFs/salmonella-annual-report-2011-508c.pdf}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 The [[incidence]] of salmonellosis does not vary by gender.
-<!--
-==Overview==
-Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common in the United States. Salmonella has been known to cause illness for over 100 years. They were discovered by a American scientist named Salmon, for whom they are named. Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater.
-Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater. There are many different kinds of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common in the United States.Salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter.
-Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. The rate of diagnosed infections in children less than five years old is higher than the rate in all other persons. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 400 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.
-==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-====How common is salmonellosis?====
-Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be thirty or more times greater. Salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter.
-Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 600 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.
-<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm </ref>
-====Trends====
-Half of salmonellosis cases are caused by 2 serotypes: S. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST). The proportion of salmonellosis caused by SE increased markedly from 1980 to 1995, but has decreased 22% since 1996. The incidence of ST decreased 24% since 1996, but an increasing proportion of isolates show resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. S. Newport has increased 32% from 1996 to 2001 to become the third most frequent serotype, with many isolates resistant to >9 [[antimicrobial drug]]s.
-<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm </ref>
-==Incidents of salmonellosis==
-In June 2006, the BBC reported that the Cadbury chocolate manufacturer withdrew a number of products when products contaminated with salmonella caused up to 56 cases of Salmonellosis.<ref name=Guardian_2006>{{cite news | title = Cadbury named over salmonella outbreak | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,,1826262,00.html | publisher = Guardian Unlimited | date = [[2006]]-[[07-21]] | accessdate = 2007-09-09 }}</ref> The problems had been traced to a leaking pipe at a Cadbury plant in Herefordshire in  January 2006, though the announcement was not made until June.
-The U.S. Government reported that 16.3% of all chickens were contaminated with salmonella in 2005, and in the late 1990s as many as 20% were contaminated.<ref>{{cite web | first =  Marian | last = Burros | title = More Salmonella Is Reported in Chickens | publisher = The New York Times | date = [[March 8]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/dining/08well.html?ex=1179288000&en=1f7944fcd0d6fc64&ei=5070 | accessdate = 2007-05-13}}</ref>  In the mid to late twentieth century, ''Salmonella enterica'' serovar Enteritidis was a common contaminant of eggs. This is much less common now with the advent of hygiene measures in egg production and the vaccination of laying hens to prevent salmonella colonization. Many different salmonella serovars also cause severe diseases in animals other than human beings.
-In February 2007, the U.S. FDA issued a warning to consumers not to eat certain jars of Peter Pan peanut butter or Great Value peanut butter due to risk of contamination with 'Salmonella Tennessee'. [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01563.html]
-In March 2007, around 150 people were diagnosed with salmonella-poisoning after eating tainted food at a governor's reception in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Over 1,500 people attended the ball on March 1 and fell ill as a consequence of ingesting salmonella-tainted sandwiches.
-In December 2007, about 150 people were sickened by salmonella-tainted chocolate cake produced by a major bakery chain in Singapore. [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/316110/1/.html]
-===Age===
-Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. The rate of diagnosed infections in children less than five years old is about five times higher than the rate in all other persons. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 400 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.
-==Resources==
-[http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/index.html CDC Salmonellosis]
--->
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}