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| {{SK}} runny nose; drippy nose; rhinorrhoea; nasal discharge; nose catarrh; catarrh | | {{SK}} runny nose; drippy nose; rhinorrhoea; nasal discharge; nose catarrh; catarrh |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Rhinitis overview|Overview]]== |
| '''Rhinitis''' is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the [[nose]] commonly referred to as a runny nose or cararrh. It causes a discharge or [[mucus]] blockage caused by the swelling of the [[mucous membrane]]s.
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Rhinitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| The word "catarrh" comes from the Greek "katarrhein": ''kata-'' meaning "down" and ''rhein'' meaning "to flow."
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Rhinitis classification|Classification]]== |
| There are two types of rhiniti:
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| #[[Allergic rhinitis]]
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| #[[Nonallergic rhinitis]]
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Rhinitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| Rhinitis is caused by chronic or acute [[inflammation]] of the [[mucous membrane]] of the nose due to viruses, [[bacteria]] or irritants. The inflammation results in the generating of excessive amounts of [[mucus]] producing a [[runny nose]], [[nasal congestion]] and [[post-nasal drip]].
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| Rhinitis is caused by an increase in [[histamine]]. This increase is likely caused by airborne [[allergen]]s. These allergens may affect an individual's nose, throat, or eyes and cause an increase in fluid production within these areas.
| | ==[[Rhinitis causes|Causes]]== |
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| Rhinitis is considered [[IgE]]-mediated when the sufferer is classified as having [[allergic rhinitis]].
| | ==[[Rhinitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Rhinitis from other Diseases]]== |
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Rhinitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| ===Common Causes===
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| *[[Common cold]]
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| *[[Allergy]]
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| *[[Hay fever]]
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Rhinitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| * [[Adenoid]] infection
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| * [[Primary ciliary dyskinesia|Ciliary dyskinesia]]
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| * [[Common cold]]
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| * [[Allergy]]
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| * [[Hay fever]]
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| * [[Immunodeficiency]] diseases
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| * [[Otitis media|Middle ear infection]]s
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| * [[Sexual intercourse]] (a condition known as sexual catarrh)
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| * [[Sinusitis]]
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| * [[Tonsillitis]]
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| According to recent studies completed in the United States, more than fifty millon Americans are current sufferers.
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| ==Natural History, Complications, Prognosis==
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| Rhinitis has also been found to adversely affect more than just the nose, throat, and eyes. It has been associated with [[sleeping problems]], problems with the ears, and even been linked to learning problems.
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| ===Complicaitons=== | | ==[[Rhinitis screening|Screening]]== |
| Catarrh can result in the inability of the [[Eustachian tube]] to equalize the pressure on the two sides of the eardrum resulting in pain and damage to the [[eardrum]] ([[barotrauma]]).
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| As a result of the inability to equalize the pressure, there can be a buildup of pressure around the eardrum which results in ear pain. As a result, catarrh can result in discomfort with changes in air pressure such as those that accompany:
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| *Elevators
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| *Airplanes
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| *Traveling at elevation
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| and other activities associated with a change in air pressure.
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| Even the shallow end of a swimming pool can be problematic to the person with catarrh in so far as [[barotrauma]] to the middle ear can occur in as little as 4 feet of water.
| | ==[[Rhinitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===Symptoms===
| | [[Rhinitis staging|Staging]] | [[Rhinitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Rhinitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Rhinitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Rhinitis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Rhinitis CT|CT]] | [[Rhinitis MRI|MRI]] | [[Rhinitis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Rhinitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| The primary symptom of rhinitis is a [[runny nose]].
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| ==Testing for rhinitis==
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| For assessing the possibility of allergies, skin testing, when possible, is the preferred method in comparison with various in vitro tests because it is more sensitive and specific, simpler to use, and less expensive <ref>http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/inside.asp?AID=3978&UID=</ref>
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| <ref>{{cite journal | last = Ten | first = R | title = Allergy Skin Testing | journal = Mayo Clin Proc | volume = 5 | issue = 70 | pages = 783-4 | year = 1995 | id = pmid 7630219}}</ref>
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| The typical method of diagnosis and monitoring of allergic rhinitis is skin testing, also known as "scratch testing" and "prick testing" due to the series of pricks and/or scratches made into the patient's skin. Small amounts of suspected allergens and/or their extracts (pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract, etc.) are introduced to sites on the skin marked with pen or dye. The allergens are either injected intradermally or into small scratches made into the patient's skin, often with a small plastic device. Common areas for testing include the inside forearm and the back.
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| Testing can be either single antigen or multiple antigen testing. Both test the skin for effects of different substances.
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Rhinitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Rhinitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Rhinitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Rhinitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Rhinitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Rhinitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| The management of rhinitis is mainly medical. Treatment for seasonal rhinitis is only needed during the appropriate time of the year. Current treatments include:
| | ==Case Studies== |
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| *Antihistamine pills and sprays
| | [[Rhinitis case study one|Case #1]] |
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| *Leukotriene antagonists
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| *Nasal corticosteroid sprays
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| *Decongestant pills or sprays
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| *[[Allergen immunotherapy]]
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| *Nasal obstruction in perennial rhinitis may be treated by surgery.
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
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| * [[Nasopharyngeal rhinitis]] | | * [[Nasopharyngeal rhinitis]] |
| * [[Common cold]] | | * [[Common cold]] |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.aaaai.org American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology]
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| * [http://www.aafa.org Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America]
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| * [http://www.abai.org American Board of Allergy] – ABAI establishes qualifications and examines physicians to become recognized specialists in allergy and immunology in the USA
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| {{Respiratory pathology}} | | {{Respiratory pathology}} |