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{{Rheumatoid arthritis}}
{{Rheumatoid arthritis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AN}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKK}}  


==Overview==
==Overview==
==Risk factors==
Common risk factors in the development of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] are a positive family history of [[RA]], cigarette [[smoking]], Native American race, [[major histocompatibility complex]] (MHC) class II antigen [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]]-DR4 and patient with [[silica]] and [[asbestos]] exposure.
*'''Cigarette smoking''' is a strong risk factor for developing RA. The duration of smoking and not the number of packs of cigarettes smoked daily co-related strongly with increased risk of RA.<ref name="pmid10323446">{{cite journal |author=Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH |title=A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=910–7 |year=1999 |month=May |pmid=10323446 |doi=10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
Less common risk factors include [[obesity]] and high consumption of red meat.
*Gender
 
**The lifetime risk of RA in adults is 3.6 % for women and 1.7% for men.<ref name="pmid21360492">{{cite journal |author=Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Myasoedova E, ''et al.'' |title=The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=633–9 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21360492 |pmc=3078757 |doi=10.1002/art.30155 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.30155 |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
==Risk Factors==
*Race
===Common Risk Factors===
**Some Native American groups have higher prevalence rates (5-6%) and black persons from the Caribbean region have lower prevalence rates. First-degree relatives prevalence rate is 2-3% and disease genetic concordance in [[Twin#Identical twins|monozygotic twins]] is approximately 12-15% compared to 3.5% in [[Dizygotic twins]].<ref name="pmid3820198">{{cite journal |author=Aho K, Koskenvuo M, Tuominen J, Kaprio J |title=Occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in a nationwide series of twins |journal=[[The Journal of Rheumatology]] |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=899–902 |year=1986 |month=October |pmid=3820198 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] include:
**It is strongly associated with the inherited tissue type [[Major histocompatibility complex]] (MHC) class II antigen [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]]-DR4 (most specifically DR0401 and 0404) — hence family history is an important risk factor.<ref name="pmid21125177">{{cite journal |author=Arias MV, Domingues EV, Lozano RB, Flores CV, Peralta MM, Salinas CZ |title=Study of class I and II HLA alleles in 30 ecuadorian patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with alleles from healthy and affected subjects with other rheumatic diseases |journal=[[Revista Brasileira De Reumatologia]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=423–33 |year=2010 |month=August |pmid=21125177 |doi= |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0482-50042010000400007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**A positive family history of [[rheumatoid arthritis]].
**Cigarette [[smoking]]: The duration of [[smoking]] is co-related strongly with increased risk of [[RA]].<ref name="pmid10323446">{{cite journal |author=Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH |title=A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=910–7 |year=1999 |month=May |pmid=10323446 |doi=10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**Gender: [[Women]] have a higher risk as compared to [[men]].<ref name="pmid21360492">{{cite journal |author=Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Myasoedova E, ''et al.'' |title=The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=633–9 |year=2011 |month=March |pmid=21360492 |pmc=3078757 |doi=10.1002/art.30155 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.30155 |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**Race:
***Native Americans have higher prevalence rates.
***African american and Caribbean region have lower prevalence rates.
***More common in [[monozygotic]] twins and diazygotic twins.<ref name="pmid3820198">{{cite journal |author=Aho K, Koskenvuo M, Tuominen J, Kaprio J |title=Occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in a nationwide series of twins |journal=[[The Journal of Rheumatology]] |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=899–902 |year=1986 |month=October |pmid=3820198 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref>
**Genetic:
***It is strongly associated with the inherited tissue type [[MHC Class II|major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen]] [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]]-DR4 (most specifically DR0401 and 0404), hence family history is an important risk factor.
**Occupational factors:
***[[Silicon dioxide|Silica]] and [[asbestos]] exposure have been associated with development of [[Rheumatoid arthritis|RA]].<ref name="pmid19966090">{{cite journal |author=Stolt P, Yahya A, Bengtsson C, ''et al.'' |title=Silica exposure among male current smokers is associated with a high risk of developing ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis |journal=[[Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases]] |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1072–6 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=19966090 |doi=10.1136/ard.2009.114694 |url=http://ard.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19966090 |accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15319232">{{cite journal |author=Stolt P, Källberg H, Lundberg I, Sjögren B, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L |title=Silica exposure is associated with increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study |journal=[[Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases]] |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=582–6 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15319232 |pmc=1755463 |doi=10.1136/ard.2004.022053 |url=http://ard.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15319232 |accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref>
 
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis  include:
**[[Obesity]] and high consumption of red meat may lead to an increased disease severity.<ref name="pmid22514156">{{cite journal |author=Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Davis JM, Gabriel SE |title=Obesity fuels the upsurge in rheumatoid arthritis |journal=[[Arthritis Care & Research]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22514156 |doi=10.1002/acr.21660 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.21660 |accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref><ref name="pmid19318947">{{cite journal |author=Liao KP, Alfredsson L, Karlson EW |title=Environmental influences on risk for rheumatoid arthritis |journal=[[Current Opinion in Rheumatology]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=279–83 |year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19318947 |pmc=2898190 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0b013e32832a2e16 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1040-8711&volume=21&issue=3&spage=279 |accessdate=2012-04-26}}</ref>
**Increased [[alcohol]] intake.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Arthritis]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]


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{{WS}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 21:59, 19 April 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis are a positive family history of RA, cigarette smoking, Native American race, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen HLA-DR4 and patient with silica and asbestos exposure. Less common risk factors include obesity and high consumption of red meat.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis include:
    • Obesity and high consumption of red meat may lead to an increased disease severity.[6][7]
    • Increased alcohol intake.

References

  1. ↑ Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH (1999). <910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D "A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 42 (5): 910–7. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 10323446. Retrieved 2012-04-25. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Myasoedova E; et al. (2011). "The lifetime risk of adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 63 (3): 633–9. doi:10.1002/art.30155. PMC 3078757. PMID 21360492. Retrieved 2012-04-25. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Aho K, Koskenvuo M, Tuominen J, Kaprio J (1986). "Occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in a nationwide series of twins". The Journal of Rheumatology. 13 (5): 899–902. PMID 3820198. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ↑ Stolt P, Yahya A, Bengtsson C; et al. (2010). "Silica exposure among male current smokers is associated with a high risk of developing ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 69 (6): 1072–6. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.114694. PMID 19966090. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Stolt P, Källberg H, Lundberg I, Sjögren B, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L (2005). "Silica exposure is associated with increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 64 (4): 582–6. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.022053. PMC 1755463. PMID 15319232. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Davis JM, Gabriel SE (2012). "Obesity fuels the upsurge in rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis Care & Research. doi:10.1002/acr.21660. PMID 22514156. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Liao KP, Alfredsson L, Karlson EW (2009). "Environmental influences on risk for rheumatoid arthritis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 21 (3): 279–83. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32832a2e16. PMC 2898190. PMID 19318947. Retrieved 2012-04-26. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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