Retinitis classification: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:09, 2 May 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ilan Dock, B.S.

Overview

Retinitis may be classified according to the underlying cause for the disease. There are two major classifications of underlying causes of retinitis, they are genetic disorders and infectious agents. The underlying cause for the disease may be established based on clinical presentation and manifestation of symptoms.^[1]^[2]

Classification

Genetic Disorders

Classification	Clinical Manifestations
Nyctalopia	Occurs early on during the clinical course of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Night blindness occurs due to the loss of rod cell function. Nyctalopia can be an indicator of the eventually clinical severity of the complications associated with retinitis. Early onset of severe complications typically indicates more severe complications later on during the clinical course.^[2]
Fundus disorders	Defective rod cell response, although fundus appears normal Arteriolar narrowing Intraretinal pigmentation Loss of pigment in pigment epithelium Intraretinal clumping due to the accumulation of melanin^[2]
Visual acuity disorder	Macular lesions Defective cone-rod cell function Loss of central acuity^[3]
Sector RP	Changes may be observed in specific halves or quadrants of the fundus Less severe defects in the visual field Sectorial disease with the long term potential of widespread disease^[3]
Retinitis pigmentosa progression with Pregnancy	Women previously diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa may report an overall decrease in vision during pregnancy.^[2]

Infectious Agents

Infectious Agent	Clinical Manifestations
Cytomegalovirus	Physical evidence of a cytomegalovirus presence in one of both eyes will generally clinical present in the form of lesions, adjacent retinal vessels. These lesions may impinge upon the fovea and the optic nerve. Furthermore they are usually discovered in close proximity to both. Further extending lesions may be present in close proximity to the vortex veins as well as the ora serrata.^[1]
Tuberculosis	Caseating granulomas Multiple choroidal tubercles- small grayish nodules located on the posterior pole of the eye Yellow necrotizing granulomas^[1]\|-
Fungal	Candida albicans Visibly hazy vitreous White circumscribed lesions^[1] Aspergillus fumigatus Yellow subretinal infiltrates Retinal infiltrates Fungal hyphae are located throughout the eye - suggestive of pulmonary involvement^[1] Cryptococcus neoformans Yellowish-white lesions located on the fundus of the eye Mutton-fat keratic precipitates^[1]
Toxoplasmosis	Localized areas of infiltrate Active lesions are adjacent to initial scarring^[1]
Syphilis	Hemorrhagic areas Flare visible in anterior and posterior portions^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.genome.gov/13514348

[ret_phys-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016.

[US_LIB-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm

[US_GEN-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.genome.gov/13514348

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==Overview==
-Retinitis may be classified according to the underlying cause for the disease. There are two major categories of underlying causes of retinitis, they are genetic disorders and infectious agents. The underlying cause for the disease may be established based on clinical presentation and manifestation of symptoms.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref><ref name="US LIB">Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm </ref>
+Retinitis may be classified according to the underlying cause for the disease. There are two major classifications of underlying causes of retinitis, they are [[genetic disorders]] and [[infectious agents]]. The underlying cause for the disease may be established based on clinical presentation and manifestation of symptoms.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref><ref name="US LIB">Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm </ref>
 ==Classification==
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
 *Occurs early on during the clinical course of Retinitis Pigmentosa.
-*Night blindness occurs due to the loss of rod function.
+*[[Nyctalopia|Night blindness]] occurs due to the loss of [[Rod cell|rod]] cell function.
-*Nyctalopia can be an indicator of the eventually clinical severity of the complications associated with retinitis.
+*[[Nyctalopia]] can be an indicator of the eventually clinical severity of the complications associated with retinitis.
 *Early onset of severe complications typically indicates more severe complications later on during the clinical course.<ref name="US LIB">Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm </ref>
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fundus disorders
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
-*Defective rod cell response, although fundus appears normal
+*Defective [[rod cell]] response, although [[Fundus (eye)|fundus]] appears normal
 *Arteriolar narrowing
 *Intraretinal pigmentation
-*Loss of pigment in pigment epithelium
+*Loss of [[Retinal pigment epithelium|pigment]] in [[Retinal pigment epithelium|pigment epithelium]]
 *Intraretinal clumping due to the accumulation of melanin<ref name="US LIB">Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001029.htm </ref>
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visual acuity disorder
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
-*Macular lesions
+*[[Macular|Macular lesions]]
-*Defective cone cell function
+*Defective [[Cone-rod dystrophy|cone-rod cell function]]
-*Loss of central acuity<ref name="US GEN">Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.genome.gov/13514348 </ref>
+*Loss of [[Visual acuity|central acuity]]<ref name="US GEN">Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.genome.gov/13514348 </ref>
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sector RP
@@ Line 59: / Line 58: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | Cytomegalovirus
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
-*Physical evidence of a cytomegalovirus presence in one of both eyes will generally clinical present in the form of lesions, adjacent retinal vessels.
+*Physical evidence of a [[Cytomegalovirus (patient information)|cytomegalovirus]] presence in one of both eyes will generally clinical present in the form of [[lesions]], adjacent retinal vessels.
-*These lesions may impinge upon the fovea and the optic nerve. Furthermore they are usually discovered in close proximity to both.
+*These lesions may impinge upon the [[fovea]] and the [[optic nerve]]. Furthermore they are usually discovered in close proximity to both.
-*Further extending legions may be present in close proximity to the vortex veins as well as the ora serrata.<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
+*Further extending [[lesions]] may be present in close proximity to the vortex veins as well as the [[ora serrata]].<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Tuberculosis
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
-*Caseating granulomas
+*[[Granulomas|Caseating granulomas]]
-*Multiple choroidal tubercles- small grayish nodules located on the posterior pole of the eye
+*Multiple [[choroidal]] tubercles- small grayish [[nodules]] located on the posterior pole of the eye
-*Yellow necrotizing granulomas<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>|-
+*Yellow [[necrotizing]] [[Granuloma|granulomas]]<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>|-
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fungal
@@ Line 73: / Line 72: @@
 ====''Candida albicans''====
-*Visibly hazy vitreous
+*Visibly hazy [[vitreous]]
-*White circumscribed lesions<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
+*White circumscribed [[lesions]]<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
 ====''Aspergillus fumigatus''====
 *Yellow subretinal infiltrates
 *Retinal infiltrates
-*Fungal hyphae are located throughout the eye - suggestive of pulmonary involvement<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
+*Fungal [[hyphae]] are located throughout the eye - suggestive of pulmonary involvement<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
 ====''Cryptococcus neoformans''====
-*Yellowish-white lesions located on the fundus of the eye
+*Yellowish-white [[lesions]] located on the [[fundus]] of the eye
-*Mutton-fat keratic precipitates<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
+*Mutton-fat keratic [[precipitates]]<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Toxoplasmosis
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
 *Localized areas of infiltrate
-*Active lesions are adjacent to initial scarring<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
+*Active [[lesions]] are adjacent to initial [[scarring]]<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
 |-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Syphilis
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px;" |
-*Hemorrhagic areas
+*[[Hemorrhagic]] areas
 *Flare visible in anterior and posterior portions<ref name="ret phys">Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016. </ref>
 |-

Retinitis classification: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:09, 2 May 2016

Overview

Classification

Genetic Disorders

Infectious Agents

Candida albicans

Aspergillus fumigatus

Cryptococcus neoformans

References

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