Respiratory failure: Difference between revisions

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{{SI}}
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'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Respiratory failure resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Respiratory failure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}


{{Editor Help}}
'''For patient information, click [[Respiratory failure (patient information)|here]]'''


==Overview==
{{Respiratory failure}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKA}}; {{HM}}


'''Respiratory failure''' is a [[medicine|medical]] term for inadequate [[gas exchange]] by the [[respiratory system]]. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood [[oxygen]] level ([[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxemia]]) and/or a rise in arterial [[carbon dioxide]] ([[hypercapnia]]) which can be written as ([[Partial pressure|Pa]][[Oxygen|O2]] < 60 mmHg, [[Partial pressure|Pa]]CO2 >45 mmHg).
{{SK}}: Acute respiratory failure, type I respiratory failure, type II respiratory failure, type III respiratory failure, type IV respiratory failure, type 1 respiratory failure, type 2 respiratory failure, type 3 respiratory failure, type 4 respiratory failure
==[[Respiratory failure overview|Overview]]==


Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa
==[[Respiratory failure historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


==Types==
==[[Respiratory failure classification|Classification]]==
===Type 1===
*Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as [[hypoxia]] without [[hypercapnia]], indeed the CO<sub>2</sub> level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs. This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like:


1.parenchymal disease (v-q mismatch)
==[[Respiratory failure pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


2.diseases of vasculature and shunts.
==[[Respiratory failure causes|Causes]]==


===Type 2===
==[[Respiratory failure differential diagnosis|Differentiating Respiratory Failure from other Diseases]]==


*Type 2 respiratory failure is defined  build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes are reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient), increased resistance to breathing (such as in [[asthma]]) or an increase in the area of the lung that is not available for gas exchange (such as in [[emphysema]]).
==[[Respiratory failure epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==Causes==
==[[Respiratory failure risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
*Pulmonary dysfunction
**[[Asthma]]
**[[Emphysema]]
**[[Chronic obstructive airway disease]]
**[[Pneumonia]]
**[[Pneumothorax]]
**[[Hemothorax]]
**[[Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome]] ('''ARDS''') is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure.
**[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
*Cardiac dysfunction
**[[Pulmonary edema]]
**[[Arrhythmia]]
**[[Congestive heart failure]]
**[[Heart valve]] pathology
*Other
**[[Fatigue]] due to prolonged [[hyperventilation|tachypnoea]] in [[metabolic acidosis]]
**Intoxication with drugs (i.e. [[morphine]], [[benzodiazepine]]s) suppresses respiration.


==Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Respiratory Failure==  
==[[Respiratory failure screening|Screening]]==
*Aspiration
 
*[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] ([[ALS]])
==[[Respiratory_failure_natural_history,_complications_and_prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
*[[Atelectasis]]
 
*Bronchial [[asthma]]
==Diagnosis==
*[[Bronchial Cancer]]
[[Respiratory failure diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] |[[Respiratory failure history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Respiratory failure physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Respiratory failure laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Respiratory failure electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Respiratory failure chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Respiratory failure CT|CT]] | [[Respiratory failure MRI|MRI]] | [[Respiratory failure ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Respiratory failure other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Respiratory failure other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
*[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] ([[COPD]])
*Drug supression of respiratory center
*Elecrolyte abnormalities
*[[Emphysema]]
*Fibrosing [[alveolitis]]
*[[Flail chest]]
*Foreign body
*Glotto [[Emphysema]]
*Interstitial fibrosis
*[[Kyphoscoliosis]]
*Laryngo-/[[Bronchospasm]]
*[[Muscular dystrophy|Muscular dystrophies]]
*[[Myasthenia Gravis]]
*Noxious gasses
*[[Oblitertaive Vasculitis]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Pulmonary Edema]]
*[[Pleural Effusion]]
*[[Pleural Fibrosis]]
*[[Poliomyelitis]]
*[[Polyrediculitis]]
*[[Restrictive Lung Disease]]
*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
*[[Tetanus]]


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Emergency treatment follows the principles of [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. [[Mechanical ventilation]] may be required.
[[Respiratory failure medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Respiratory failure surgery|Surgery]] | [[Respiratory failure primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Respiratory failure secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Respiratory failure cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Respiratory failure future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==External Links==
==Case Studies==
[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2011.htm eMedicine Respiratory Failure]
[[Respiratory failure case study one|Case #1]]
[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insuffisance_respiratoire]  


{{Respiratory pathology}}
{{Respiratory pathology}}
{{SIB}}
{{Intensive care medicine}}
 


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[[Category:Organ failure]]
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Latest revision as of 06:35, 28 July 2020



Resident
Survival
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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Respiratory Failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

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CT

MRI

Echocardiography and ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]; Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[3]

Synonyms and keywords:: Acute respiratory failure, type I respiratory failure, type II respiratory failure, type III respiratory failure, type IV respiratory failure, type 1 respiratory failure, type 2 respiratory failure, type 3 respiratory failure, type 4 respiratory failure

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Respiratory Failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice |History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Template:Respiratory pathology

de:Ateminsuffizienz no:Respirasjonssvikt fr:Insuffisance respiratoire

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