Renal insufficiency: Difference between revisions

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===Acute on chronic renal failure===
===Acute on chronic renal failure===
Acute renal failure can be present on top of chronic renal failure. This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure (AoCRF).  The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible and the aim of treatment, as with ARF, is to return the patient to their baseline renal function, which is typically measured by serum [[creatinine]].  AoCRF, like ARF, can be difficult to distinguish from chronic renal failure, if the patient has not been monitored by a [[physician]] and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison.
Acute renal failure can be present on top of chronic renal failure. This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure (AoCRF).  The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible and the aim of treatment, as with ARF, is to return the patient to their baseline renal function, which is typically measured by serum [[creatinine]].  AoCRF, like ARF, can be difficult to distinguish from chronic renal failure, if the patient has not been monitored by a [[physician]] and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison.==Causes==
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Balsalazide]], [[Beractant]], [[Cefadroxil]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Cladribine]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dalfampridine]], [[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]], [[Dolutegravir]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Oprelvekin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pamidronic acid]], [[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]], [[Piperacillin]], [[Ritonavir]], [[Siltuximab]], [[Sorafenib]], [[Suprofen]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Trametinib]], [[Tolmetin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Cefadroxil]]
*[[Ceftazidime]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]]
*[[Dolutegravir]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Oprelvekin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Siltuximab]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Disease B
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Disease C
{{col-end}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 


{{Nephrology}}
{{Nephrology}}

Revision as of 18:13, 3 April 2015

Renal insufficiency
ICD-10 N17-N19
ICD-9 584-585
DiseasesDB 26060
MeSH C12.777.419.780.500

Template:Renal insufficiency Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Renal failure; azotemia; kidney failure; kidney insufficiency

Overview

Classification

Renal failure can broadly be divided into two categories (see flowchart below): acute renal failure and chronic renal failure.

Renal failure classification

 
 
 
Renal Failure
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chronic
 
 
 
Acute


The type of renal failure (acute vs. chronic) is determined by the trend in the serum creatinine. Other factors which may help differentiate acute and chronic renal failure include the presence of anemia and the kidney size on ultrasound. Long-standing, i.e. chronic, renal failure generally leads to anemia and small kidney size.

Acute renal failure

Main article: Acute renal failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) is, as the name implies, a rapidly progressive loss of renal function, generally characterised by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults,[1] less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); body water and body fluids disturbances; and electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must be identified to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes. ARF can result from a large number of causes.

Chronic renal failure

Main article: Chronic renal failure

Chronic renal failure (CRF) can either develop slowly and show few initial symptoms, be the long term result of irreversible acute disease or be part of a disease progression. There are many causes of CRF. The most common cause is diabetes mellitus. End-stage renal failure (ESRF) is the ultimate consequence, in which case dialysis is required unless a donor for a renal transplant is found.

Acute on chronic renal failure

Acute renal failure can be present on top of chronic renal failure. This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure (AoCRF). The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible and the aim of treatment, as with ARF, is to return the patient to their baseline renal function, which is typically measured by serum creatinine. AoCRF, like ARF, can be difficult to distinguish from chronic renal failure, if the patient has not been monitored by a physician and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison.==Causes==

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Balsalazide, Beractant, Cefadroxil, Ceftazidime, Cladribine, Cytarabine, Dalfampridine, Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol, Dolutegravir, Flurbiprofen, Ixabepilone, Meropenem, Oprelvekin, Oxaprozin, Pamidronic acid, Pegylated interferon alfa-2b, Piperacillin, Ritonavir, Siltuximab, Sorafenib, Suprofen, Tiagabine, Trametinib, Tolmetin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Klahr S, Miller S (1998). "Acute oliguria". N Engl J Med. 338 (10): 671–5. PMID 9486997. Free Full Text.


Template:Nephrology


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