A reference or footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document to comment on a part of the main text, or to provide a reference for it, or both. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is indicated by a number which appears both after the relevant text and before the footnote.
Footnotes are sometimes useful for relevant text that would distract from the main point if embedded in the main text, yet are helpful in explaining a point in greater detail. Footnotes are also often used to cite references that are relevant to a text. Citation of sources is '''required by WikiDoc'''.
<ref name="MesaSabbagh2018">{{cite journal|last1=Mesa|first1=Juan Simon Rico|last2=Sabbagh|first2=Abdallah El|last3=Luis|first3=Sushil|title=EARLY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN A YOUNG MALE WITH HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=71|issue=11|year=2018|pages=A2191|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(18)32732-3}}</ref>
==Preferred method of adding references==
{{CMG}}
One goal of WikiDoc is to create reference lists that allow you to click on the PubMed ID number at the end of the reference and go to the primary article itself. This greatly facilitates locating references. Therefore, the preferred method of citing references includes a method by which not only the article is cited, but also the PubMed ID number.
The preferred method for inserting a reference is as follows:
==Overview==
WikiDoc has a reference manager that allows users to insert references based upon their PubMed ID number. If you move the text, the reference moves with it! All the references are automatically inserted at the bottom. You click on the reference and you go to the article. It is simple!
#Use PubMed to locate the article you are interested in by clicking here
==Where do I type in the references?==
Usually you would type a number in the text like this (1) or this <sup>1</sup> which refers to a reference you would like to cite. You would then type in the reference at the end of the article. '''This is not the preferred method in WikiDoc.'''
You can access software for converting a pubmed ID number into a reference [http://diberri.dyndns.org/cgi-bin/templatefiller/?type=&id= by clicking here]
WikiDoc features an automated reference manager. The advantages of this reference manager are that:
:#The references are numbered automatically!
:#When you move the text, the reference moves with it!
:#You can click on the reference and go directly to the article!
==Add a Reference or Footnote==
Unlike the usual format where you type in the references at the end of the article, when you use the WikiDoc reference manager, you insert code for the reference right after the material you want to add a reference to. You use a software program to add in the references. The next section describes how to use the software program.
#Place a '''<nowiki><ref> ... </ref></nowiki>''' immediately after the sentence where you want a footnote number to appear.
#Next, type the text of the note between the ref tags. For example if I typed this
This was on of the first articles I published <nowiki><ref>J Fam Pract. 2000 Oct;49(10):921-3.</ref> </nowiki>
It would appear as this
This was on of the first articles I published <ref>J Fam Pract. 2000 Oct;49(10):921-3.</ref>
==Finally Add a Reference Section at the Bottom of Your Article==
#Place the '''<nowiki><references/></nowiki>''' tag in a "Notes" or "References" section near the end of the article and the list of notes will be generated here.
This page is a [[style guide]], describing '''how to write citations''' in articles.
==Using the WikiDoc reference manager==
One goal of WikiDoc is to create reference lists that allow you to click on the PubMed ID number at the end of the reference and go to the primary article itself. This greatly facilitates locating references. Therefore, the preferred method of citing references includes the use of a reference manager that uses the PubMed ID number to create the reference. The reference manager uses not only PubMed IDs but also DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, ISBN, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID, PubChem ID, or URLs.
[[Wikipedia:Verifiability]], which is policy, says that attribution is required for "direct quotes and for material that is challenged or likely to be challenged". ''Any material that is challenged and for which no source is provided may be removed by any editor''. For information about the importance of using good sources in biographies of living persons, see [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons]], which is policy.
The preferred method for inserting a reference is as follows:
If you do not know how to format the citation, provide as much information as you can; others can remove unneeded information, but can't fabricate information to make up a deficient citation.
== Why sources should be cited==
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:No original research}}
Wikipedia is by its very nature a work by people with widely different knowledge and skills. The reader needs to be assured that the material within it is reliable: this is especially important where statements are made about controversial issues. The purpose of citing your sources is:
* To improve the overall credibility and authoritative nature of Wikipedia.
'''Step 1:''' Use PubMed to locate the article you are interested in [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ by clicking here]
* To credit a source for providing useful material and to avoid claims of [[plagiarism]].
* To show that your edit is not [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]].
* To ensure that the content of articles is credible and can be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|checked by any reader or editor]].
* To help users find additional information on the topic.
* To reduce the likelihood of editorial disputes, or to [[Wikipedia:Resolving disputes|resolve]] any that arise.
* To ensure that material about living persons complies with [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons]].
== When to cite sources==
'''Step 2:''' Copy the PubMed ID number from the article. The word PubMed ID is often abbreviated PMID and this number is located at the bottom of the abstract. You can use the search function on Firefox or Internet explorer to locate the word PMID and the number will follow this abbreviation. It will look something like this:
{{main|Wikipedia:when to cite}}
{{style}}
<nowiki>PMID: 19032997</nowiki>
=== When you add content ===
('''NOTE''': Please do not use the article itself as a reference. Instead, use the PMID #, as mentioned above)
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
'''All material that is challenged or likely to be challenged needs a source.'''
The need for citations is especially important when writing about opinions held on a particular issue. [[Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words|Avoid weasel words]] where possible, such as, "Some people say ..." Instead, make your writing [[WP:Verifiability|verifiable]]: find a specific person or group who holds that opinion and give a citation to a reputable publication in which they express that opinion. Remember that Wikipedia is not a place for expressing your own opinions or for [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]].
'''Step 3:''' Paste the PubMed ID number (PMID) into a software program that creates the Wiki language code for the reference you are going to paste into the text of your article. You can access software for converting a pubmed ID number from one of the following:
* '''[http://sumsearch.org/cite SUMSearch Biomedical Citation Maker]''' (converts PMID into wiki reference markups with embedded sumsearch link)
* '''[http://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py?doi= DOI Wikipedia reference generator]''' (converts DOI into wiki reference markups)
* '''[http://neuro.imm.dtu.dk/cgi-bin/brede_bib_pmid2wpcitejournal.py?pmid=0 DTU Informatics PMID to Cite journal]''' (converts PMID into wiki reference markups)
* '''[http://www.ottobib.com OttoBib]''' (converts ISBN into wiki reference markups)
* '''[http://tools.wmflabs.org/citation-template-filling/cgi-bin/index.cgi Dave's Template Filler]''' (converts DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, ISBN, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID, PubChem ID, or URL into wiki reference markups)
<!--
* [http://toolserver.org/~holek/cite-gen/index.php Citation template generator] (converts PubMed ID, ISBN, or URL into wiki reference markups)
* [http://diberri.crabdance.com/cgi-bin/templatefiller/index.cgi? David Iberri template filler]
-->
Because this is the English Wikipedia, English-language sources should be given whenever possible, and should always be used in preference to other language sources of equal calibre. However, do give references in other languages where appropriate. If quoting from a different language source, an English translation should be given with the original-language quote beside it.
'''Step 4:''' When using the reference manager, make sure the button that says '''add ref tag''' is checked
===When adding material to the biography of a living person===
'''Step 5:''' Press '''submit''' to generate the Wiki language that can be inserted in your article.
{{main|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons}}
Biographies of living persons should be sourced with particular care, for legal and ethical reasons. All contentious material about living persons must cite a [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|reliable source]]. Do not wait for another editor to request a source. If you find unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material about a living person — whether in an article or on a talk page — '''remove it immediately!''' Do not leave it in the article and ask for a source. Do not move it to the talk page. This applies whether the material is in a biography or any other article.
===When you quote someone===
'''Step 6:''' Copy the Wiki language from the software program. For example, the output for the PMID above (19032997) is as follows:
You should always add a citation when quoting published material, and the citation should be placed directly after the quotation, which should be enclosed within double quotation marks — "like this" — or single quotation marks if it is a quote-within-a-quote — "and here is such a 'quotation' as an example." For long quotes, you may wish to use [[CAT:QUOTE|Quotation templates]].
=== Images ===
<nowiki><ref name="pmid19032997">{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ''et al.'' |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref></nowiki>
Images must include source details and a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags|copyright tag]] on the image description page. It is important that you list the author of the image if known (especially if different from the source), which is important both for copyright and for informational purposes. Some copyright licenses require that the original author receive credit for their work. If you download an image from the web, you should give the URL:
:Source: Downloaded from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4280841.stm
'''Step 7:''' Paste this output from the reference manager software right where you want the superscript number to appear in the text.
If you got the image from an offline source, you should specify:
For example, using the above reference, you might type something like this:
:Source: Scanned from public record #5253 on file with Anytown, Somestate public surveyor
===When you check content added by others===
<nowiki>Gibson et al recently summarized the improvements made in clincial outcomes as a result of 15 years of quality improvement efforts in the NRMI registry <ref name="pmid19032997">{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ''et al.'' |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref></nowiki>
You can also add sources for material you did not write. Adding citations is an excellent way to contribute to Wikipedia. See [[Wikipedia:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check]] for organized efforts to add citations.
Articles can be supported with references in two ways: the provision of general references – books or other sources that support a significant amount of the material in the article – and inline citations, that is, references within the text, which provide source information for specific statements. Inline citations are needed for statements that are '''challenged or likely to be challenged''', including contentious material about [[WP:BLP|living persons]], and for all quotations.
Gibson et al recently summarized the improvements made in clincial outcomes as a result of 15 years of quality improvement efforts in the NRMI registry<ref name="pmid19032997">{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ''et al.'' |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref>
===Say where ''you'' got it===
{{Reflist|2}}
It is improper to copy a citation from an intermediate source without making it clear that you saw only that intermediate source. For example, you might find information on a web page which says it comes from a certain book. Unless you look at the book yourself to check that the information is there, your reference is really the web page, which is what you must cite. The credibility of the article rests on the credibility of the web page, as well as the book, and the article itself must make that clear.
===Full citations===
==What if I don't want to use the reference manager? What if I just want to type the references in myself?==
All citation techniques require detailed full citations to be provided for each source used. Full citations must contain enough information for other editors to identify the specific published work you used.
You are not required to use the reference manager. You can do the following:
Full citations for books typically include: the name of the author, the title of the book or article, the date of publication, and page numbers. The name of the publisher, city of publication, and ISBN are optional. For journal articles, include volume number, issue number and page numbers. Citations for newspaper articles typically include the title of the article in quotes, the [[byline]] (author's name), the name of the newspaper in italics, date of publication, page number(s), and the date you retrieved it if it is online.
'''Step 1:''' Place a '''<nowiki><ref> ... </ref></nowiki>''' immediately after the sentence where you want a footnote number to appear.
For two books by the same author, published the same year, using Harvard referencing, this might be:
'''Step 2:''' Type the text of the note between the ref tags. For example if I typed this
This was on of the first articles I published <nowiki><ref>J Fam Pract. 2000 Oct;49(10):921-3.</ref> </nowiki>
*Clancy, T. (1996a). ''Executive Orders''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-14218-5
It would appear as this
*Clancy, T. (1996b). ''Marine''. New York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-15454-8
This was one of the first articles I published<ref>J Fam Pract. 2000 Oct;49(10):921-3.</ref>
If the article in which the preceding examples appeared used footnotes rather than Harvard citations, the letter after the year would be omitted.
In the Harvard and embedded links citation systems, full citations appear at the end of the article in a section labeled "References." In the footnotes system, full citations may appear in a "References" section or may appear directly in the footnotes.
When citing books and articles, provide page numbers where appropriate. Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from, or a paraphrase or reference to, a specific passage of a book or article. The edition of the book should be included in the reference section, or included in the footnote, because pagination can change between editions. Page numbers are especially important in case of lengthy unindexed books. Page numbers are not required when a citation accompanies a general description of a book or article, or when a book or article, as a whole, is being used to exemplify a particular point of view.
===Citation templates===
{{details|Wikipedia:Citation templates}}
The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged by this or any other guideline. Templates may be used at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Some editors find them helpful, arguing that they maintain a consistent style across articles, while other editors find them unnecessary and annoying, particularly when used inline in the text, because they make the text harder to read in edit mode and therefore harder to edit. Because they are optional and contentious, '''citation templates should not be added against consensus, and editors should not change articles from one style to another if there are objections'''.
Various citation templates can be used to format full citations. Template for specific formats, such as {{tl|cite book}}, are common. The general {{tl|Citation}} template has additional functionality to support Harvard referencing.
===Inline citations===
====Harvard referencing====
{{details|Wikipedia:Harvard referencing}}
Under the [[Harvard referencing]] system, a book is cited in the text in parentheses, after the section, sentence, or paragraph for which the book was used as a source, using the surname of the author and the year of publication only, with the parentheses closing before the period, as in (Author 2005). These citations can be generated by using inline {{tl|Harvard citation}} templates.
A [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Full citations|full citation]] is then placed at the end of the text in an alphabetized list of "References". If full citations use the {{tl|Citation}} template, the Harvard citation as above will include an automatic link to the full citation. According to ''The Oxford Style Manual'', the Harvard system is the "most commonly used reference method in the physical and social sciences" (Ritter 2002).
Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from, or a paraphrase or reference to, a specific passage of a book or article. They usually follow the date in this way: (Author 2006:28).
In article, common variations:
* For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2005); for more authors, use (Smith et al. 2005).
* If the same author has published two books in 1996, and both are being referenced in the text, this is written as (Clancy 1996a) and (Clancy 1996b).
* The specific page, section, or division of the cited work should usually follow the date in this way: (Author 2006:28).
* If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
* Newspaper articles may give the name of the newspaper and the date of publication after the sentence (''The Guardian'', December 17, 2005).
In a "References" section at the end of the article:
For an article: in the case of (Traynor 2005) or (''The Guardian'', December 17, 2005), this might be:
* Traynor, I. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,12700,1669458,00.html "Judge tells Ankara to decide on fate of leading author"], ''The Guardian'', December 17, 2005.
====Footnotes====
{{details|Wikipedia:Footnotes}}
A [[footnote]] is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document to comment on a part of the main text, or to provide a reference for it, or both. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is indicated by a number or symbol which appears both after the relevant text and before the footnote.
# Place a '''<ref>''' ... '''</ref>''' where you want a footnote reference number to appear in an article—type the text of the note between the ref tags.
# Place the '''<nowiki><references/></nowiki>''' tag in a "Notes" or "References" section near the end of the article—the list of notes will be generated here.
The Sun is pretty big,<span style="color:black;">'''<ref>'''Miller, E: "The Sun", page 23. Academic Press, 2005'''</ref>'''</span>
<br/>
however the Moon is not so big.<span style="color:black;">'''<ref>'''Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", <nowiki>''Scientific American''</nowiki>, 46(78):46'''</ref>'''</span>
The Sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller, E: "The Sun", page 23. Academic Press, 2005</ref>
however the Moon is not so big.<ref>Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46(78):46</ref>
=====Section headings=====
'''Note:''' If you intend on using the same manual reference more than once, you will need to assign a name to the reference. You can do this by writing '''<nowiki><ref name="anythingyouwanthere"> ... </ref></nowiki>'''. Your name can be anything you want. Without a name, every manual reference will be viewed as a unique reference. This means that a reference used multiple times will show up as multiple references instead of just the one.
Recommended section names to use for footnotes in Wikipedia are:
==How do I make the references appear at the bottom of the article?==
===The preferred method===
* '''<nowiki>==Notes==</nowiki>'''
Put the following code in:
*'''<nowiki>==Footnotes==</nowiki>'''
*'''<nowiki>==References==</nowiki>'''
=====Maintaining a separate "References" section in addition to "Notes"=====
<pre>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
</pre>
It can be helpful when footnotes are used that a separate "References" section also be maintained, in which the sources that were used are listed in alphabetical order. With articles that have lots of footnotes, it can become hard to see after a while exactly which sources have been used, particularly when the footnotes also contain explanatory text. A References section, which lists citations in alphabetical order, helps readers to see at a glance the quality of the references used.
This will generate your references in small font, in two columns, with links to the original article and abstract. It will return text that looks like this:
If such a section is included, the footnotes should be in a separate section entitled "Notes" or "Footnotes." Where an alphabetical list of references is provided, "short footnotes" may be used, where the footnotes contain only an author, perhaps title, and page number, without giving a full citation in the footnote itself.
{{Reflist|2}}
=====Scrolling reference lists=====
<!--
Scrolling reference lists should never be used, because of issues with [[readability]], [[Wikipedia:Accessibility|accessibility]], [[printing]], and [[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks|site mirroring]]. Additionally, it cannot be guaranteed that such reference lists will display properly in all [[web browser]]s.
===Alternate "old school" method: No longer in use===
In reference to the code below, we are no longer using it. If you see this code being used please change it to the above format.
=====Where to place reference tags=====
<nowiki>==References==</nowiki>
{{see|Wikipedia:Footnotes#Where to place reference tags}}
Some words, phrases or facts must be referenced mid-sentence, while others are referenced at the end. Frequently, a reference tag will coincide with punctuation and many editors put the reference tags after punctuation (except dashes), as is recommended by the [[Chicago Manual of Style]] (CMoS).<ref>"''Note reference numbers.'' The superior numerals used for note reference numbers in the text should follow any punctuation marks except the dash, which they precede. The numbers should also be placed outside closing parentheses." (''The Chicago Manual of Style'', 14th ed. 1993, Clause 15.8, p. 494)</ref> Some editors prefer the style of journals such as ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' which place references before punctuation. Each article should be internally consistent.
<nowiki><references/></nowiki>
===== Notes =====
This generates one column output that looks like this:
:''footnote examples''
<references/>
<references/>
-->
[[Category:Help]]
====Embedded links====
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{details|Wikipedia:Embedded citations}}
Web pages referenced in an article can be linked to directly by enclosing the URL in square brackets. For example, a reference to a newspaper article can be embedded like: <nowiki>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</nowiki>, which looks like this: [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]
Do not add a text label to embedded links in the body of a wikipedia article.
A [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Full citations|full citation]] is also required in a References section at the end of the article.
An '''<nowiki>==External links==</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>==Further reading==</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>==Bibliography==</nowiki>''' section is placed near the end of an article and offers books, articles, and links to websites related to the topic that might be of interest to the reader. The section "Further reading" may include both online material and material not available online. If all recommended material is online, the section may be titled "External links".
All items used as sources in the article must be listed in the "References" or "Notes" section, and are usually not included in "Further reading" or "External links". However, if an item used as a reference covers the topic beyond the scope of the article, and has significant usefulness beyond verification of the article, you may want to include it here as well. This also makes it easier for users to identify all the major recommended resources on a topic. The Wikipedia guideline for external links that are not used as sources can be found [[WP:EL|here]].
==Dealing with citation problems==
===Unsourced material===
If an article has no references, and you are unable to find them yourself, you can tag the article with the template {{tl|Unreferenced}}, so long as the article is not nonsensical or a biography of a living person, in which case you should request admin assistance. If a particular claim in an article lacks citation and is doubtful, consider placing {{tl|fact}} after the sentence or removing it. If you have time to try and find a reference please do so, it's better to have 5 fully referenced articles rather than 50 articles all tagged with {{tl|fact}}. It is often just as quick to find and create a reference as it is to tag something with {{tl|fact}}. If you are unsure of how to create references, you may find [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/makeref.php this tool] very useful as it will create all the necessary reference code from just a few details you supply.
Consider the following in deciding which action to take:
1. If it is '''doubtful but not harmful''' to the whole article or to Wikipedia, use the {{tl|fact}} tag, but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time.
2. If it is '''doubtful and harmful''', you should remove it from the article; you may want to move it to the talk page and ask for a source, unless you regard it as very harmful or absurd, in which case it should not be posted to a talk page either. Use your common sense.
'''All unsourced and poorly sourced contentious material about living persons should be removed from articles and talk pages immediately.''' It should not be tagged. See [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons]] and [[Wikipedia:Libel]].
=== What to do when a reference link "goes dead" ===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine}}, [[WebCite]]
When a link in the References section or Notes section "goes dead", it should be repaired or replaced if possible, but not deleted. External links/Further reading sections are not as important, but bad links in those sections should also be fixed. Often, a live substitute link can be found. In most cases, one of the following approaches will preserve an acceptable citation:
* Some pages can be recovered from the [[Internet Archive]] or [[WebCite]]. Just go to http://www.archive.org/ or http://www.webcitation.org, respectively, and search for the old link by URL. Make sure that your new citation mentions the date the page was archived by the Internet Archive. In case of WebCite, any broken URL can be searched for and replaced using the format http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=URL&date=DATE, where URL is the URL that is broken and needs to be restored. The DATE variable is optional and indicates the (approximate) caching date. For example, http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report_July_2003.pdf&date=2005-12-31 retrieves a copy of the URL http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report_July_2003.pdf which is closest to the date of Dec 31st, 2005 (in this example the actual caching date was 21 days before the requested date). [[WebCite]] allows on-demand prospective archiving and is not crawler-based, i.e. pages are only archived if the author has requested archiving when he cited the piece for the first time, which is highly recommended<!-- is there a standard form or template for citing the Internet Archive? -->
* If this was a non-blind citation of web-only material, it may be worth the effort to search the target site for an equivalent page at a new location, an indication that the whole site has moved, etc.
* If the link was merely a "convenience link" to an online copy of material that originally appeared in print, and an appropriate substitute cannot be found, it is acceptable to drop the link but keep the citation.
* If you cannot find the page on the Internet Archive, remember that you can often find recently deleted pages in [[Google]]'s cache. They will not be there long, and it is no use linking to them, but this may let you find the content, which can be useful in finding an equivalent page elsewhere on the Internet and linking to that.
If none of those strategies succeed, do not remove the inactive reference, but rather record the date that the original link was found to be inactive — even inactive, it still records the sources that were used, and it is possible hard copies of such references may exist, or alternatively that the page will turn up in the near future in the Internet Archive, which deliberately lags by six months or more. When printed sources become outdated, scholars still routinely cite those works when referenced.
Some source material, especially scientific papers, can be cited using a [[digital object identifier]], by linking through [http://dx.doi.org/ dx.doi.org/]. This will allow citation links to remain intact even if the URL changes.
== Tools ==
* [[WebCite]] - tool to archive webpages to allow stable citation links.
* [http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/templates/ Template builder] — Given an ISBN, a PubMed ID, etc., output a citation which can be pasted into a Wikipedia article.
* [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/makeref.php Reference generator] — generates wikicode for journals, webpages, and other commonly cited sources.
* [[User:CitationTool]] - tool for finding citation errors and fixing them.
* [[User:Fictional tool]] - tool for cleaning up web citations
* [[User:Dmoss/Wikicite|Wikicite]] is a free program that helps editors to properly reference their Wikipedia contributions using [[Wikipedia:citation templates|citation templates]]. It is written in [[Visual Basic .NET]], making it suitable only for users with the [[.NET Framework]] installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the [[Mono (software)|Mono]] alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available, see the [[User:Dmoss/Wikicite|developer's page]] for further details.
* [[OttoBib.com]] a free tool to generate an alphabetized bibliography for books, using an input list of [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN) numbers, with output in [[MLA Style Manual|MLA]], [[APA style|APA]], [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago]]/[[Turabian]], [[BibTeX]], or Wikipedia format (also generates a permalink).
* [[mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php|The <ref> element]] - adds ''ref'' functionality to wiki sites.
* [[Zotero]] allows you to find articles in [[Mozilla Firefox]] and easily paste them into Wikipedia as citation templates using Ctrl-Alt-C
* [[User:Verisimilus|Verisimilus]]'s [http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~ms609/Wiki/Wiki Cite generation page] lets you find articles using built-in [[Google Scholar]] interface and automatically produce an appropriate cite template. It also features a [[BibTeX]] to <nowiki>{{cite}}</nowiki> converter.
== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] - a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials.
* [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]]
* [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines]] – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles.
* [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems]] – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately.
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style]] – listing several examples of APA and Harvard referencing techniques.
== References ==
* Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). [http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html Citation and Style Guides]. Retrieved December 28, 2004. (This provides a list of common citation styles.)
WikiDoc has a reference manager that allows users to insert references based upon their PubMed ID number. If you move the text, the reference moves with it! All the references are automatically inserted at the bottom. You click on the reference and you go to the article. It is simple!
Where do I type in the references?
Usually you would type a number in the text like this (1) or this 1 which refers to a reference you would like to cite. You would then type in the reference at the end of the article. This is not the preferred method in WikiDoc.
WikiDoc features an automated reference manager. The advantages of this reference manager are that:
The references are numbered automatically!
When you move the text, the reference moves with it!
You can click on the reference and go directly to the article!
Unlike the usual format where you type in the references at the end of the article, when you use the WikiDoc reference manager, you insert code for the reference right after the material you want to add a reference to. You use a software program to add in the references. The next section describes how to use the software program.
Using the WikiDoc reference manager
One goal of WikiDoc is to create reference lists that allow you to click on the PubMed ID number at the end of the reference and go to the primary article itself. This greatly facilitates locating references. Therefore, the preferred method of citing references includes the use of a reference manager that uses the PubMed ID number to create the reference. The reference manager uses not only PubMed IDs but also DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, ISBN, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID, PubChem ID, or URLs.
The preferred method for inserting a reference is as follows:
Step 1: Use PubMed to locate the article you are interested in by clicking here
Step 2: Copy the PubMed ID number from the article. The word PubMed ID is often abbreviated PMID and this number is located at the bottom of the abstract. You can use the search function on Firefox or Internet explorer to locate the word PMID and the number will follow this abbreviation. It will look something like this:
PMID: 19032997
(NOTE: Please do not use the article itself as a reference. Instead, use the PMID #, as mentioned above)
Step 3: Paste the PubMed ID number (PMID) into a software program that creates the Wiki language code for the reference you are going to paste into the text of your article. You can access software for converting a pubmed ID number from one of the following:
OttoBib (converts ISBN into wiki reference markups)
Dave's Template Filler (converts DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, ISBN, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID, PubChem ID, or URL into wiki reference markups)
Step 4: When using the reference manager, make sure the button that says add ref tag is checked
Step 5: Press submit to generate the Wiki language that can be inserted in your article.
Step 6: Copy the Wiki language from the software program. For example, the output for the PMID above (19032997) is as follows:
<ref name="pmid19032997">{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ''et al.'' |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref>
Step 7: Paste this output from the reference manager software right where you want the superscript number to appear in the text.
For example, using the above reference, you might type something like this:
Gibson et al recently summarized the improvements made in clincial outcomes as a result of 15 years of quality improvement efforts in the NRMI registry <ref name="pmid19032997">{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ''et al.'' |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref>
This would generate text that looks like this:
Gibson et al recently summarized the improvements made in clincial outcomes as a result of 15 years of quality improvement efforts in the NRMI registry[2]
↑Mesa, Juan Simon Rico; Sabbagh, Abdallah El; Luis, Sushil (2018). "EARLY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN A YOUNG MALE WITH HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 71 (11): A2191. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(18)32732-3. ISSN0735-1097.
↑Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD; et al. (2008). "Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006". Am. Heart J. 156 (6): 1035–44. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029. PMID19032997. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
What if I don't want to use the reference manager? What if I just want to type the references in myself?
You are not required to use the reference manager. You can do the following:
Step 1: Place a <ref> ... </ref> immediately after the sentence where you want a footnote number to appear.
Step 2: Type the text of the note between the ref tags. For example if I typed this
This was on of the first articles I published <ref>J Fam Pract. 2000 Oct;49(10):921-3.</ref>
Note: If you intend on using the same manual reference more than once, you will need to assign a name to the reference. You can do this by writing <ref name="anythingyouwanthere"> ... </ref>. Your name can be anything you want. Without a name, every manual reference will be viewed as a unique reference. This means that a reference used multiple times will show up as multiple references instead of just the one.
How do I make the references appear at the bottom of the article?
The preferred method
Put the following code in:
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
This will generate your references in small font, in two columns, with links to the original article and abstract. It will return text that looks like this: