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| {{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
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| |genericName=generic name
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| |aOrAn=a
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| |drugClass=Adrenergic receptor agonist
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| |indication=a list of indications, separated by commas.
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| |hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
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| |adverseReactions=a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas.
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| |blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
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| |blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
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| |fdaLIADAdult======Condition 1=====
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|
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|
| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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| |offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
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|
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| * Developed by: (Organisation)
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|
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| * Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
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|
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| * Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
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|
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| * Dosing Information/Recommendation
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
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| * Developed by: (Organisation)
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|
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| * Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
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|
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| * Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
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|
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| * Dosing Information/Recommendation
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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| |offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 3=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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| |fdaLIADPed======Condition 1=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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| |offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
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|
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| * Developed by: (Organisation)
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|
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| * Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
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|
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| * Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
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|
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| * Dosing Information/Recommendation
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
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| * Developed by: (Organisation)
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|
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| * Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
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|
| |
| * Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
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|
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| * Dosing Information/Recommendation
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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| |offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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|
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| :* (Dosage)
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|
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| =====Condition 3=====
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|
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| * Dosing Information
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| :* (Dosage)
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| |contraindications=* Condition 1
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| * Condition 2
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| * Condition 3
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| * Condition 4
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| * Condition 5
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| |warnings====Ramipril====
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| to be filled later
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|
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| ===Hydrochlorothiazide===
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|
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| *Thiazides should be used with caution in severe renal disease. In patients with renal disease, thiazides may precipitate azotemia. Cumulative effects of the drug may develop in patients with impaired renal function.
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|
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| *Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma.
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|
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| *[[Sensitivity]] reactions may occur in patients with or without a history of allergy or bronchial asthma.
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|
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| *The possibility of exacerbation or activation of [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] has been reported.
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|
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| *In general, lithium should not be given with diuretics
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| |clinicalTrials====Ramipril===
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| (to be filled)
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|
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| ===Hydrochlorothiazide===
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|
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| =====General=====
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| * [[Chest pain]], weakness, fever, viral infection.
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|
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| =====Cardiovascular=====
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| * [[Orthostatic hypotension]] (seen in 1.8% of fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide patients and 0.3% of placebo patients; no patients discontinued therapy due to orthostatic hypotension), edema, flushing, rhythm disturbance, syncope.
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|
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| =====Dermatologic=====
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| * [[Pruritus]], [[rash]].
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|
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| =====Endocrine/Metabolic=====
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| * Sexual dysfunction, change in libido, breast mass.
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|
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| =====Gastrointestinal=====
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| * Nausea/vomiting, [[diarrhea]], [[dyspepsia]]/heartburn, abdominal pain, [[gastritis]]/ esophagitis.
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|
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| =====Immunologic=====
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| * [[Angioedema]] (see WARNINGS: Head and Neck [[Angioedema]] and Intestinal Angioedema).
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|
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| =====Musculoskeletal=====
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| *[[Myalgia]]/muscle cramps.
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|
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| =====Neurologic/Psychiatric=====
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| * [[Somnolence]], [[depression]], numbness/paresthesia.
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|
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| =====Respiratory=====
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| * Sinus congestion, [[pharyngitis]], [[rhinitis]].
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|
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| =====Special Senses=====
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| * [[Tinnitus]].
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|
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| =====Urogenital=====
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| * Urinary tract infection, urinary frequency, dysuria.
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|
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| =====Laboratory Test Abnormalities=====
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| * Serum electrolytes, uric acid, glucose, magnesium, cholesterol, triglycerides, and calcium (see PRECAUTIONS). [[Neutropenia]].
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|
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| * Antihypertensive monotherapy with fosinopril has been evaluated for safety in more than 1500 patients, of whom approximately 450 patients were treated for a year or more. The observed adverse events included events similar to those seen with fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide; in addition, the following others have also been reported with fosinopril:
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|
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| =====Cardiovascular=====
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| * [[Angina]], myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, [[hypertensive crisis]], [[hypotension]], claudication.
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|
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| =====Dermatologic=====
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| * [[Urticaria]], [[photosensitivity]].
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|
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| =====Endocrine/Metabolic=====
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| * [[Gout]].
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|
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| =====Gastrointestinal=====
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| * [[Pancreatitis]], [[hepatitis]], [[dysphagia]], abdominal distention, flatulence, appetite/weight change, dry mouth.
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|
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| =====Hematologic=====
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| * Lymphadenopathy.
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|
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| =====Musculoskeletal=====
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| * [[Arthralgia]].
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|
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| =====Neurologic/Psychiatric=====
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| * Memory disturbance, [[tremor]], confusion, mood change, sleep disturbance.
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|
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| =====Respiratory=====
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| * Bronchospasm, laryngitis/hoarseness, [[epistaxis]], and (in two patients) a symptom-complex of cough, bronchospasm, and eosinophilia.
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|
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| =====Special Senses=====
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| * Vision disturbance, taste disturbance, eye irritation.
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|
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| =====Urogenital=====
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| * Renal insufficiency.
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|
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| =====Laboratory Test Abnormalities=====
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| * Elevations (usually transient and minor) of BUN and creatinine have been observed, but these have not been more frequent than in parallel patients treated with placebo. The hemoglobin in fosinopril-treated patients generally decreases by an average of 0.1 g/dL, but this nonprogressive change has never been symptomatic. Leukopenia and eosinophilia have also been reported.
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|
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| * Serum levels of liver function tests (transaminases, LDH, alkaline phosphatase and serum bilirubin) have occasionally been found to be elevated, and these elevations have lead to discontinuation of therapy in 0.7% of patients. Other risk factors for liver dysfunction have often been present in these cases; in any event the elevations generally have resolved after discontinuation of therapy with fosinopril.
| |
| Other Adverse Events Reported with ACE Inhibitors
| |
| Other adverse effects reported with ACE inhibitors include cardiac arrest; pancytopenia, hemolytic anemia; aplastic anemia; thrombocytopenia; bullous pemphigus, exfoliative dermatitis; and a syndrome that may include one or more of arthralgia/arthritis, vasculitis, serositis, myalgia, fever, rash or other dermopathy, positive ANA titer, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and elevated ESR.
| |
| Hydrochlorothiazide has now been extensively prescribed for many years, but there has not been enough systematic collection of data to support an estimate of the frequency of the observed adverse reactions. Within organ-system groups, the reported reactions are listed here in decreasing order of severity, without regard to frequency.
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|
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| =====Cardiovascular=====
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| * [[Orthostatic hypotension]] (may be potentiated by alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics).
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|
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| =====Gastrointestinal=====
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| * [[Pancreatitis]], [[jaundice]] (intrahepatic cholestatic), [[sialadenitis]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], cramping, [[nausea]], gastric irritation, constipation, and anorexia.
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|
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| =====Hematologic=====
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| * Aplastic [[anemia]], [[agranulocytosis]], [[leukopenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], and [[hemolytic anemia]].
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|
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| =====Immunologic=====
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| * Necrotizing angiitis, [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], respiratory distress (including [[pneumonitis]] and pulmonary edema), anaphylactic reactions, [[purpura]],[[urticaria]], [[rash]], and [[photosensitivity]].
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|
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| =====Metabolic=====
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| * [[Hyperglycemia]], glycosuria, and hyperuricemia.
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|
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| =====Musculoskeletal=====
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| * Muscle spasm.
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|
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| =====Neurologic=====
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| * [[Vertigo]], lightheadedness, transient blurred vision, headache, paresthesia, xanthopsia, weakness, and restlessness.
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| |postmarketing=(Description)
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| |drugInteractions====Ramipril===
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|
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| ===Hydrochlorothiazide===
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|
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| * Thiazides may decrease arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine, but not enough to preclude effectiveness of the pressor agent for therapeutic use.
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|
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| * Thiazides may increase the responsiveness to tubocurarine.
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|
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| * The diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects of thiazide diuretics may be reduced by concurrent administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents; the effects (if any) of these agents on the antihypertensive effect of fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide have not been studied.
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|
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| * By alkalinizing the urine,[[hydrochlorothiazide]] may decrease the effectiveness of methenamine.
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|
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| * [[Cholestyramine]] and [[Colestipol]] Resins:Absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins. Single doses of either cholestyramine or colestipol resins bind the hydrochlorothiazide and reduce its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by up to 85% and 43%, respectively.
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|
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| * Hydrochlorothiazide: Under the auspices of the National Toxicology Program, rats and mice received hydrochlorothiazide for two years at doses up to 100 (rats) and 600 (mice) mg/kg/day. On a body weight basis, these highest doses were about 2400 times (mice) or 400 times (rats) the fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide dose of 12.5 mg, given to a 50 kg subject. On a body surface area basis, these doses are 226 times (mice) and 82 times (rats) the fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide dose. These studies uncovered no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats or female mice, but there was equivocal evidence of hepatocarcinogenicity in male mice.
| |
|
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| * Hydrochlorothiazide was not genotoxic in in vitro assays using strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium (Ames assay); in the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) test for chromosomal aberrations; or in in vivo assays using mouse germinal cell chromosomes; Chinese Hamster bone-marrow chromosomes, and the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal trait gene. Using concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide of 43 to 1300 mg/mL, positive test results were obtained in the in vitro CHO Sister Chromatid Exchange (clastogenicity) test and in the Mouse Lymphoma Cell (mutagenicity) assays. Using an unspecified concentration of hydrochlorothiazide, positive test results were also obtained in the Aspergillus nidulans nondisjunction assay.
| |
|
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| * No adverse effects upon fertility were seen when rats and mice received dietary hydrochlorothiazide prior to mating and throughout gestation at doses up to 4 (rats) and 100 (mice) mg/kg/day. These doses are from 3.2 (body surface area basis in rats) to 400 (weight basis in mice) times greater than the dose received by a 50 kg human receiving 12.5 mg a day.
| |
| |useInPregnancyFDA=(Description)
| |
| |useInPregnancyAUS=(Description)
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| |useInLaborDelivery=(Description)
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| |useInNursing=(Description)
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| |useInPed=(Description)
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| |useInGeri=(Description)
| |
| |useInGender=(Description)
| |
| |useInRace=(Description)
| |
| |useInRenalImpair=(Description)
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| |useInHepaticImpair=(Description)
| |
| |useInReproPotential=(Description)
| |
| |useInImmunocomp=(Description)
| |
| |othersTitle=Others
| |
| |useInOthers=(Description)
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| |administration=(Oral/Intravenous/etc)
| |
| |monitoring======Condition 1=====
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|
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| (Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
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|
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| =====Condition 2=====
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|
| |
| (Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
| |
|
| |
| =====Condition 3=====
| |
|
| |
| (Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
| |
| |IVCompat====Solution===
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|
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| ====Compatible====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ====Not Tested====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ====Variable====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ====Incompatible====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ===Y-Site===
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|
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| ====Compatible====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Not Tested====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
| |
| ====Variable====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ====Incompatible====
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|
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| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ===Admixture===
| |
|
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| ====Compatible====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Not Tested====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Variable====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
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| ====Incompatible====
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|
| |
| * Solution 1
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| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
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|
| |
| ===Syringe===
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|
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| ====Compatible====
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|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Not Tested====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
| |
| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Variable====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Incompatible====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
| |
| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ===TPN/TNA===
| |
|
| |
| ====Compatible====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
| |
| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Not Tested====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
| |
| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Variable====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
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| * Solution 3
| |
|
| |
| ====Incompatible====
| |
|
| |
| * Solution 1
| |
| * Solution 2
| |
| * Solution 3
| |
| |overdose====Acute Overdose===
| |
|
| |
| ====Signs and Symptoms====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
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|
| |
| ====Management====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
| |
|
| |
| ===Chronic Overdose===
| |
|
| |
| ====Signs and Symptoms====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
| |
|
| |
| ====Management====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
| |
| |drugBox={{Drugbox2
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| | verifiedrevid =
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| | IUPAC_name =
| |
| | image =
| |
| | drug_name =
| |
|
| |
| <!--Clinical data-->
| |
| | tradename =
| |
| | MedlinePlus =
| |
| | licence_US =
| |
| | pregnancy_AU =
| |
| | pregnancy_US =
| |
| | legal_status =
| |
| | routes_of_administration =
| |
|
| |
| <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| |
| | bioavailability =
| |
| | metabolism =
| |
| | elimination_half-life =
| |
| | excretion =
| |
|
| |
| <!--Identifiers-->
| |
| | CAS_number_Ref =
| |
| | CAS_number =
| |
| | ATC_prefix =
| |
| | ATC_suffix =
| |
| | PubChem =
| |
| | IUPHAR_ligand =
| |
| | DrugBank_Ref =
| |
| | DrugBank =
| |
| | ChemSpiderID_Ref =
| |
| | ChemSpiderID =
| |
| | UNII_Ref =
| |
| | UNII =
| |
| | KEGG_Ref =
| |
| | KEGG =
| |
| | ChEBI_Ref =
| |
| | ChEBI =
| |
| | ChEMBL_Ref =
| |
| | ChEMBL =
| |
|
| |
| <!--Chemical data-->
| |
| | C= | H= | N= | O=
| |
| | molecular_weight =
| |
| | smiles =
| |
| | InChI =
| |
| | InChIKey =
| |
| | StdInChI_Ref =
| |
| | StdInChI =
| |
| | StdInChIKey_Ref =
| |
| | StdInChIKey =
| |
| | melting_point =
| |
| }}
| |
| |mechAction======Ramipril=====
| |
|
| |
| =====Hydrochlorothiazide=====
| |
|
| |
| * Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume, with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases in aldosterone secretion, increases in urinary potassium loss, and decreases in serum potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin, so coadministration of an ACE inhibitor tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
| |
| |structure=(Description with picture)
| |
| |PD=(Description)
| |
| |PK=(Description)
| |
| |nonClinToxic======Ramipril=====
| |
|
| |
| =====Hydrochlorothiazide=====
| |
|
| |
| * Under the auspices of the National Toxicology Program, rats and mice received hydrochlorothiazide for two years at doses up to 100 (rats) and 600 (mice) mg/kg/day. On a body weight basis, these highest doses were about 2400 times (mice) or 400 times (rats) the fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide dose of 12.5 mg, given to a 50 kg subject. On a body surface area basis, these doses are 226 times (mice) and 82 times (rats) the fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide dose. These studies uncovered no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats or female mice, but there was equivocal evidence of hepatocarcinogenicity in male mice.
| |
|
| |
| * Hydrochlorothiazide was not genotoxic in in vitro assays using strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium (Ames assay); in the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) test for chromosomal aberrations; or in in vivo assays using mouse germinal cell chromosomes; Chinese Hamster bone-marrow chromosomes, and the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal trait gene. Using concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide of 43 to 1300 mg/mL, positive test results were obtained in the in vitro CHO Sister Chromatid Exchange (clastogenicity) test and in the Mouse Lymphoma Cell (mutagenicity) assays. Using an unspecified concentration of hydrochlorothiazide, positive test results were also obtained in the Aspergillus nidulans nondisjunction assay.
| |
|
| |
| * No adverse effects upon fertility were seen when rats and mice received dietary hydrochlorothiazide prior to mating and throughout gestation at doses up to 4 (rats) and 100 (mice) mg/kg/day. These doses are from 3.2 (body surface area basis in rats) to 400 (weight basis in mice) times greater than the dose received by a 50 kg human receiving 12.5 mg a day.
| |
| |clinicalStudies======Condition 1=====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
| |
|
| |
| =====Condition 2=====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
| |
|
| |
| =====Condition 3=====
| |
|
| |
| (Description)
| |
| |howSupplied=(Description)
| |
| |fdaPatientInfo=(Patient Counseling Information)
| |
| |nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
| |
| |lookAlike=* (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
| |
| * (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
| |
| * (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)
| |
| |drugShortage=Drug Shortage
| |
| }}
| |