Rabies epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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=== Incidence === | === Incidence === | ||
'''Worldwide''' | '''Worldwide''' | ||
* India is reported to have the highest incidence | * India is reported to have the highest incidence of rabies<ref name="urlWHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention2">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/4/14-136044/en/ |title=WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
'''United States''' | '''United States''' | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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=== Case-mortality rate === | === Case-mortality rate === | ||
* Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO | Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO | Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* An estimated 31,000 human deaths due to rabies occur annually in Asia, with the majority (around 20,000 occuring in India)<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies3">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO | Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlWHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/4/14-136044/en/ |title=WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * An estimated 31,000 human deaths due to rabies occur annually in Asia, with the majority (around 20,000 occuring in India)<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies3">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO | Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlWHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/4/14-136044/en/ |title=WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10578630">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dutta JK |title=Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention |journal=Trop Doct |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=196–201 |year=1999 |pmid=10578630 |doi=10.1177/004947559902900404 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia, South America and India which report thirty thousand deaths annually.<ref name="WHO_stats">{{cite web | title = Rabies vaccine | work = WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals | url = http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/rabies.shtml | accessdate = 2006-04-20}}</ref> One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the East Asia is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the problem.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/News/article/238729 The Toronto Star "China cracks down on rabid dog menace"]</ref> | * More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia, South America and India which report thirty thousand deaths annually.<ref name="WHO_stats">{{cite web | title = Rabies vaccine | work = WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals | url = http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/rabies.shtml | accessdate = 2006-04-20}}</ref> One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the East Asia is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the problem.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/News/article/238729 The Toronto Star "China cracks down on rabid dog menace"]</ref> | ||
* The number of human rabies deaths in the United States attributed to rabies has been steadily declining since the 1970’s thanks to animal control and vaccination programs, successful outreach programs, and the availability of modern rabies biologics | * The number of human rabies deaths in the United States attributed to rabies has been steadily declining since the 1970’s thanks to animal control and vaccination programs, successful outreach programs, and the availability of modern rabies biologics | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Worldwide
- Canine rabies is known to be endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Dogs account for over 99 % of all rabies transmission to humans[1][2]
United States
- Human rabies cases in the United States are rare, with only 1 to 3 cases reported annually
- Twenty-three cases of human rabies have been reported in the United States in the past decade (2008-2017). Eight of these were contracted outside of the U.S. and its territories
- In 2001, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in animals and no cases in humans, according to CDC (Hawaii is the only state that has never reported an indigenously acquired rabies case in humans or animals). The total number of reported cases increased by 0.92% from those reported in 2000 (7,369 cases).
Incidence
Worldwide
- India is reported to have the highest incidence of rabies[3]
United States
| 5-May-17 | 21-May-17 | VA | 65 | F | Bite | Dog, India |
| 25-Nov-15 | 1-Dec-15 | PR | 54 | M | Bite | Dog-mongoose, Caribbean |
| 17-Sep-15 | 3-Oct-15 | WY | 77 | F | Contact | Bat, Ln |
| 30-Jul-15 | 24-Aug-15 | MA | 65 | M | Bite, Philippines | Dog, Philippines |
| 12-Sep-14 | 26-Sep-14 | MO | 52 | M | Unknown | Bat, Ps |
| 16-May-13 | 11-Jun-13 | TX | 28 | M | Unknown, Guatemala | Dog, Guatemala |
| 31-Jan-13 | 27-Feb-13 | MD | 49 | M | Kidney transplant | Raccoon, eastern United States |
| 6-Jul-12 | 31-Jul-12 | CA | 34 | M | Bite | Bat,Tb |
| 22-Dec-11 | 23-Jan-12 | MA | 63 | M | Contact | Bat, My sp |
| 3-Dec-11 | 19-Dec-11 | SC | 46 | F | Unknown | Bat,Tb |
| 1-Sep-11 | 14-Oct-11 | MA | 40 | M | Contact, Brazil | Dog, Brazil |
| 21-Aug-11 | 1-Sep-11 | NC | 20 | M | Unknown (organ donor)§ | Raccoon, eastern United States |
| 14-Aug-11 | 31-Aug-11 | NY | 25 | M | Contact, Afghanistan | Dog, Afghanistan |
| 30-Jun-11 | 20-Jul-11 | NJ | 73 | F | Bite, Haiti | Dog, Haiti |
| 30-Apr-11 | Survived | CA | 8 | F | Unknown | Unknown |
| 24-Dec-10 | 10-Jan-11 | WI | 70 | M | Unknown | Bat, Ps |
| 2-Aug-10 | 21-Aug-10 | LA | 19 | M | Bite, Mexico | Bat, Dr |
| 23-Oct-09 | 20-Nov-09 | VA | 42 | M | Contact, India | Dog, India |
| 20-Oct-09 | 11-Nov-09 | MI | 55 | M | Contact | Bat, Ln |
| 5-Oct-09 | 20-Oct-09 | IN | 43 | M | Unknown | Bat, Ps |
| 25-Feb-09 | Survived | TX | 17 | F | Contact | Bat, unknown |
| 19-Nov-08 | 30-Nov-08 | MO | 55 | M | Bite | Bat, Ln |
| 16-Mar-08 | 18-Mar-08 | CA | 16 | M | Bite, Mexico | Fox,Tb related |
Developed countries
- Many territories, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Mauritius, Barbados and Guam, are free of rabies, although there may be a very low prevalence of rabies among bats in the UK
- New Zealand and Australia have never had rabies.[2] However, in Australia, the Australian Bat Lyssavirus occurs normally in both insectivorous and fruit eating bats (flying foxes) from most mainland states. Scientists believe it is present in bat populations throughout the range of flying foxes in Australia
Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005:
Age
- Worldwide, children under 15 years of age have a higher rabies exposure risk, and most exposures are from dog bites[4]
Case-mortality rate
- Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies[5]
- An estimated 31,000 human deaths due to rabies occur annually in Asia, with the majority (around 20,000 occuring in India)[6][7][8]
- More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia, South America and India which report thirty thousand deaths annually.[9] One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the East Asia is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the problem.[10]
- The number of human rabies deaths in the United States attributed to rabies has been steadily declining since the 1970’s thanks to animal control and vaccination programs, successful outreach programs, and the availability of modern rabies biologics
| Region | Country | Case-mortality rate per 100,000 patients |
|---|---|---|
| Asia | Bangladesh | 1.1 - 1.8 |
| Bhutan | 2.7 - 7.5 | |
| Cambodia | 2.8 - 11.5 |
Non-human rabies
Wild Animals
Wild animals accounted for 93% of reported cases of rabies in 2001. Raccoons continued to be the most frequently reported rabid wildlife species (37.2% of all animal cases during 2001), followed by skunks (30.7%), bats (17.2%), foxes (5.9%), and other wild animals, including rodents and lagomorphs (0.7%). Reported cases in raccoons and foxes decreased 0.4% and 3.5% respectively from the totals reported in 2000. Reported cases in skunks, and bats increased 2.6%, and 3.3% respectively from the totals reported in 2000.
Outbreaks of rabies infections in terrestrial mammals like raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes are found in broad geographic regions across the United States. Geographic boundaries of currently recognized reservoirs for rabies in terrestrial mammals are shown on the map below.
Domestic Animals
Domestic species accounted for 6.8% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2001. The number of reported rabid domestic animals decreased 2.4% from the 509 cases reported in 2000 to 497 in 2001.
In 2001, cases of rabies in cats increased 8.4%, whereas those in dogs, cattle, horses, sheep and goats, and swine decreased 21.9%, 1.2%, 1.9% and 70.0% respectively compared with those reported in 2000. Rabies cases in cats continue to be more than twice as numerous as those in dogs or cattle. Pennsylvania reported the largest number of rabid domestic animals (46) for any state, followed by New York (43).
Successful vaccination programs that began in the 1940s caused a decline in dog rabies in this country. But, as the number of cases of rabies in dogs decreased, rabies in wild animals increased, as shown in the graph below.
References
- ↑ "apps.who.int" (PDF).
- ↑ Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S, Costa P, Freuling CM, Hiby E, Knopf L, Leanes F, Meslin FX, Metlin A, Miranda ME, Müller T, Nel LH, Recuenco S, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Taylor L, Vigilato MA, Zinsstag J, Dushoff J (2015). "Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (4): e0003709. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709. PMC 4400070. PMID 25881058.
- ↑ "WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention".
- ↑ "WHO | Rabies".
- ↑ "WHO | Rabies".
- ↑ "WHO | Rabies".
- ↑ "WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention".
- ↑ Dutta JK (1999). "Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention". Trop Doct. 29 (4): 196–201. doi:10.1177/004947559902900404. PMID 10578630.
- ↑ "Rabies vaccine". WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Retrieved 2006-04-20.
- ↑ The Toronto Star "China cracks down on rabid dog menace"