Pyelonephritis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Causes of uncomplicated and complicated pyelonephritis are mostly similar. Common causes of complicated pyelonephritis include infections such as E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Causes
Common Causes
Bacterial microorganisms are the most common cause of pyelonephritis.[1][2][3][4][5]
- Most cases of "community-acquired" pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Common organisms are:[6]
- E. coli (70-80%)
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Hospital-acquired infections may be due to coliforms and enterococci, as well as other organisms uncommon in the community, such as:[7]
Less Common Causes
Following are the pathogens less frequently involved in causing pyelonephritis:[1][8]
- Morganella morganii
- Acinetobacter baumannii
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Gram-positive cocci
- Brucella
Fungal Causes
Fungi are rarely found as a cause of pyelonephriti:[1]
- Candida species
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Cyclophosphamide, Indinavir, Sirolimus, Spermicide use |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | E. coli , Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Renal tuberculosis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Tiagabine |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.
- ↑ Bass PF, Jarvis JA, Mitchell CK (2003). "Urinary tract infections". Prim Care. 30 (1): 41–61, v–vi. PMID 12838910.
- ↑ Roberts JA (1999). "Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections". Urol Clin North Am. 26 (4): 753–63. PMID 10584616.
- ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
- ↑ Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF (2013). "Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 34 (9): 940–6. doi:10.1086/671740. PMID 23917908.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.
- ↑ Alfouzan W, Al-Sahali S, Sultan H, Dhar R (2016). "Classical Presentation of Acute Pyelonephritis in a Case of Brucellosis". Case Rep Nephrol Dial. 6 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1159/000446393. PMC 5216229. PMID 28101501.