View source for Pulmonary embolism assessment of probability of subsequent VTE and risk scores

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{{Pulmonary embolism}}
'''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{ATI}}, [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]; {{AE}} {{Rim}}

==Overview==
[[Venous thromboembolism]] (VTE) consists of [[deep vein thrombosis]] ([[DVT]]), [[pulmonary embolism]] ([[PE]]), or both. [[VTE]] is a disease associated with [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]]; therefore, [[VTE]] [[prophylaxis]] is indicated among specific categories of patients at elevated risk for [[VTE]].  Several scores have been developed for the assessment of risk of subsequent [[VTE]] such as the [[Pulmonary embolism assessment of probability of subsequent VTE and risk scores#Padua Prediction Score for VTE|Padua prediction score]] and the [[Pulmonary embolism assessment of probability of subsequent VTE and risk scores#IMPROVE Predictive Score for VTE|IMPROVE score]] among hospitalized medically ill patients, and [[Pulmonary embolism assessment of probability of subsequent VTE and risk scores#Roger's Score|Roger's score]] and [[Pulmonary embolism assessment of probability of subsequent VTE and risk scores#Caprini Risk Assessment Model|Caprini score]] among surgical patients.

==Assessment of the Risk of Subsequent VTE in Medically Ill Patients==
===Padua Prediction Score for VTE===
====Calculation of the Padua Prediction Score====
Shown below is a table depicting Padua predictive score for [[VTE]] among hospitalized medical patients. 

{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center  | '''Variable'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Score'''
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | Active [[cancer]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | 3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Previous [[VTE]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Decreased mobility||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Thrombophilia]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Previous trauma or surgery within that last month||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Age≥ 70||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Heart failure|Heart]] and/or [[respiratory failure]]||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Ischemic stroke]] or [[acute myocardial infarction]]||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Acute]] rheumatologic disorder and/or acute [[infection]]||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Obesity]]||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Hormonal therapy]]||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|}

====Interpretation of the Padua Prediction Score====
The interpretation of the score is as follows:
* '''Score≥ 4: High risk for [[VTE]]'''
* '''Score< 4: Low risk for [[VTE]]'''<ref name="pmid20738765">{{cite journal| author=Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V, Ferrari A, Brandolin B, Perlati M et al.| title=A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2010 | volume= 8 | issue= 11 | pages= 2450-7 | pmid=20738765 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04044.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20738765  }} </ref>

===IMPROVE Predictive Score for [[VTE]]===
====Calculation of the IMPROVE Predictive Score====
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Variable'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Score'''<ref name="pmid21436241">{{cite journal| author=Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA, Fitzgerald G, Decousus H, Pini M, Chong BH et al.| title=Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. | journal=Chest | year= 2011 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 706-14 | pmid=21436241 | doi=10.1378/chest.10-1944 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21436241  }} </ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | Prior episode of [[VTE]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | 3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Thrombophilia]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Malignancy]]||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Age more than 60 years|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|}

====Interpretation of the IMPROVE Predictive Score====
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Score'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Predicted VTE risk through 3 months'''<ref name="pmid21436241">{{cite journal| author=Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA, Fitzgerald G, Decousus H, Pini M, Chong BH et al.| title=Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. | journal=Chest | year= 2011 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 706-14 | pmid=21436241 | doi=10.1378/chest.10-1944 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21436241  }} </ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | 0|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |0.5%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1.0%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1.7%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3.1%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |4|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |5.4%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |5-8|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |11%
|}

===IMPROVE Associative Score for VTE===
IMPROVE associative risk score assesses the risk of [[VTE]] among hospitalized medical patients. While the IMPROVE predictive score includes 4 independent risk factors for [[VTE]] which are present at admission, IMPROVE associative score includes 7 variables present either at admission or during hospitalization; however, the timing of the presence of some of the factors compared to the onset of [[VTE]] is not available.<ref name="pmid21436241">{{cite journal| author=Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA, Fitzgerald G, Decousus H, Pini M, Chong BH et al.| title=Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. | journal=Chest | year= 2011 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 706-14 | pmid=21436241 | doi=10.1378/chest.10-1944 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21436241  }} </ref>

====Calculation of the IMPROVE Associative Score====
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Variable'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Score'''<ref name="pmid21436241">{{cite journal| author=Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA, Fitzgerald G, Decousus H, Pini M, Chong BH et al.| title=Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for [[VTE]]. | journal=Chest | year= 2011 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 706-14 | pmid=21436241 | doi=10.1378/chest.10-1944 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21436241  }} </ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | Prior episode of [[VTE]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | 3
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Thrombophilia]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[Paralysis]] of the lower extremity during the hospitalization||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Current [[malignancy]]|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Immobilization for at least 7 days|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |[[ICU]] or [[CCU]] admission|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |Age more than 60 years|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1
|}

====Interpretation of the IMPROVE Associative Score====
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Score'''||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''Predicted VTE risk through 3 months'''<ref name="pmid21436241">{{cite journal| author=Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA, Fitzgerald G, Decousus H, Pini M, Chong BH et al.| title=Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. | journal=Chest | year= 2011 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 706-14 | pmid=21436241 | doi=10.1378/chest.10-1944 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21436241  }} </ref>
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | 0|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |0.4%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |0.6%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2||style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1.0%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |3|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |1.7%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |4|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |2.9%
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |5-10|| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left |7.2%
|}

==Assessment of the Risk of Subsequent VTE in Surgery Patients==

===Rogers Score===
====Calculation of Rogers Score====
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center |'''Variable'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center |'''Score'''<ref name="pmid17544079">{{cite journal| author=Rogers SO, Kilaru RK, Hosokawa P, Henderson WG, Zinner MJ, Khuri SF| title=Multivariable predictors of postoperative venous thromboembolic events after general and vascular surgery: results from the patient safety in surgery study. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 204 | issue= 6 | pages= 1211-21 | pmid=17544079 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.02.072 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17544079  }} </ref>
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Pulmonary]] and hemic surgery|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 9
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Thoracoabdominal [[aneurysm]], [[Pulmonary embolectomy|embolectomy]]/[[thrombectomy]], [[venous]] reconstruction, and endovascular repair surgery ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 7
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Aneurysm]] surgery|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 4
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Mouth or [[palate]] surgery|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 4
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Stomach]] or [[intestines]] surgery|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 4
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Integument surgery||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 3
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Hernia]] surgery||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classifications|American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification]] 3, 4, or 5|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[ASA physical status classification]] 2|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Female || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Work relative value unit > 17 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 3
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Work relative value unit 10−17 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Disseminated [[malignancy]]||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Chemotherapy]] for [[cancer]] in the last 30 days||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Hypernatremia|Serum sodium > 145 mmol/L]] pre-op||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Transfusion]] > 4 U packed [[red blood cells]] within 72 h pre-op||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Dependency on [[ventilator]]||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 2
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Wound]] class (clean/contaminated)||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Hematocrit]] ≤ 38% pre-op||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Bilirubin]] > 1.0 mg/dL pre-op||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Dyspnea]]||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[Albumin]] ≤ 3.5 mg/dL||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Emergency operation||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 1
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | [[ASA physical status classification]] 1||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 0
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Work relative value unit < 10||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 0
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | Male||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 0
|}

====Interpretation of Rogers Score====
The Rogers score is calculated by adding the scores of all factors present in the patient. The Rogers score is interpreted in the following way:<ref name="pmid17544079">{{cite journal| author=Rogers SO, Kilaru RK, Hosokawa P, Henderson WG, Zinner MJ, Khuri SF| title=Multivariable predictors of postoperative venous thromboembolic events after general and vascular surgery: results from the patient safety in surgery study. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 204 | issue= 6 | pages= 1211-21 | pmid=17544079 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.02.072 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17544079  }} </ref>
* '''Score 1-6''': Low
* '''Score 7-10''': Moderate
* '''Score > 10''': High

===Caprini Risk Assessment Model===
====Calculation of the Caprini Risk Score====
Shown below is a table depicting the different scores for the factors included in the Caprini score.<ref name="pmid1754886">{{cite journal| author=Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Hasty JH, Tamhane AC, Fabrega F| title=Clinical assessment of venous thromboembolic risk in surgical patients. | journal=Semin Thromb Hemost | year= 1991 | volume= 17 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 304-12 | pmid=1754886 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1754886  }} </ref>

{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center |'''5 points''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''3 points''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''2 points''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 25%" align=center | '''1 point'''
|-
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | ❑ [[Stroke]] (in the previous month) <br> ❑ Fracture of the [[hip]], [[pelvis]], or leg <br> ❑ Elective [[arthroplasty]] <br> ❑ Acute [[spinal cord injury]] (in the previous month)
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | ❑ [[Age]]≥ 75 years <br> ❑ Prior episodes of [[VTE]]  <br>❑ Positive family history for [[VTE]]  <br> ❑ [[Prothrombin 20210 A]]  <br> ❑ [[Factor V Leiden]]  <br> ❑ [[Lupus anticoagulant]]s  <br> ❑ [[Anticardiolipin antibodies]]  <br> ❑ High [[homocysteine]] in the blood  <br> ❑ [[Heparin induced thrombocytopenia]]  <br> ❑ Other [[congenital]] or [[acquired]] [[thrombophilia]]
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | ❑ Age: 61-74 years <br> ❑ [[Arthroscopy|Arthroscopic surgery]] <br> ❑ [[Laparoscopy]] lasting more than 45 minutes <br> ❑ [[General surgery]] lasting more than 45 minutes <br> ❑ [[Cancer]] <br> ❑ [[Plaster cast]] <br> ❑ Bed bound for more than 72 hours <br> ❑ Central [[venous]] access
|style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left| ❑ Age 41-60 years <br> ❑ [[BMI]] > 25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> <br> ❑ Minor [[surgery]] <br> ❑ [[Edema]] in the lower extremities <br> ❑ [[Varicose veins]] <br> ❑ [[Pregnancy]] <br> ❑ [[Post-partum]] <br> ❑ [[Oral contraceptive]] <br> ❑ [[Hormonal therapy]] <br> ❑ Unexplained or recurrent [[abortion]] <br> ❑ [[Sepsis]] (in the previous month) <br> ❑ Serious [[lung]] disease such as [[pneumonia]] (in the previous month) <br> ❑ Abnormal [[pulmonary function test]] <br> ❑ [[Acute myocardial infarction]] <br> ❑ [[Congestive heart failure]] (in the previous month) <br> ❑ Bed rest <br> ❑ [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|}

====Interpretation of the Caprini Risk Score====
The Caprini score is calculated by adding the scores of all factors present in the patient.  The Caprini score is interpreted in the following way:<ref name="pmid1754886">{{cite journal| author=Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Hasty JH, Tamhane AC, Fabrega F| title=Clinical assessment of venous thromboembolic risk in surgical patients. | journal=Semin Thromb Hemost | year= 1991 | volume= 17 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 304-12 | pmid=1754886 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1754886  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15900257">{{cite journal| author=Caprini JA| title=Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. | journal=Dis Mon | year= 2005 | volume= 51 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 70-8 | pmid=15900257 | doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2005.02.003 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15900257  }} </ref>
* '''Score 0-1''': Low risk of [[VTE]]
* '''Score 2''': Moderate of [[VTE]]
* '''Score 3-4''': High risk of [[VTE]]
* '''Score ≥ 5''': Highest risk for [[VTE]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Angiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Vascular surgery]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]

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