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**[[Antiepileptics]]<ref>Ettinger AB. "Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs". Neurology. 2006 Dec 12;67(11):1916-25.</ref>
**[[Antiepileptics]]<ref>Ettinger AB. "Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs". Neurology. 2006 Dec 12;67(11):1916-25.</ref>
**Medications (usually cold medications) that contain [[phenylpropanolamine]] or [[PPA]] <ref>http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=3060884 Psychiatric side effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine, ''Pharmacopsychiatry'' 1988 Jul; 21(4):171-81</ref>
**Medications (usually cold medications) that contain [[phenylpropanolamine]] or [[PPA]] <ref>http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=3060884 Psychiatric side effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine, ''Pharmacopsychiatry'' 1988 Jul; 21(4):171-81</ref>
** Other medications- [[Isotretinoin]]


*"Street" drugs, such as:
*"Street" drugs, such as:

Revision as of 17:06, 12 December 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]

Causes

Causes of mental illness are customarily distinguished as "organic" or "functional". Organic causes are those for which a medical, pathophysiological basis can be found. Functional causes are "the rest", the psychological causes properly speaking, e.g. anxiety, depression, etc.

"Functional" causes

Functional causes of psychosis include the following:

A psychotic episode can be significantly affected by mood. For example, people experiencing a psychotic episode in the context of depression may experience persecutory or self-blaming delusions or hallucinations, while people experiencing a psychotic episode in the context of mania may form grandiose delusions.

Stress is known to contribute to and trigger psychotic states. A history of psychologically traumatic events, and the recent experience of a stressful event, can both contribute to the development of psychosis. Short-lived psychosis triggered by stress is known as brief reactive psychosis, and patients may spontaneously recover normal functioning within two weeks.[1] In some rare cases, individuals may remain in a state of full-blown psychosis for many years, or perhaps have attenuated psychotic symptoms (such as low intensity hallucinations) present at most times.

Sleep deprivation has been linked to psychosis.[2][3][4] However, this is not a risk for most people, who merely experience hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations, i.e. unusual sensory experiences or thoughts that appear during waking or drifting off to sleep. These are normal sleep phenomena and are not considered signs of psychosis.[5]

"Organic" causes

Psychosis arising from "organic" (non-psychological) conditions is sometimes known as secondary psychosis. It can be associated with the following pathologies:

Psychosis can even be caused by apparently innocuous ailments such as flu[35][36] or mumps.[37]

Psychoactive drugs

Psychotic states may occur with Psychoactive drug intoxication or withdrawal. Drugs whose use, abuse or withdrawal are implicated include:

Intoxication with drugs that have general depressant effects on the central nervous system (especially alcohol and barbiturates) tend not to cause psychosis during use, and can actually decrease or lessen the impact of symptoms in some people. However, withdrawal from barbiturates and alcohol can be particularly dangerous, leading to psychosis or delirium and other, potentially lethal, withdrawal effects.

Some studies indicate that cannabis use may lower the threshold for psychosis, and thus help to trigger full-blown psychosis in some people.[59] Early studies have been criticized for failing to consider other drugs (such as LSD) that the participants may have used before or during the study, as well as other factors such as pre-existing ("comorbid") mental illness. However, more recent studies with better controls have still found a small increase in risk for psychosis in cannabis users.

It is not clear whether this is a causal link, and it is possible that cannabis use only increases the chance of psychosis in people already predisposed to it; or that people with developing psychosis use cannabis to provide temporary relief of their mental discomfort. The fact that cannabis use has increased over the past few decades, whereas the rate of psychosis has not, suggests that a direct causal link is unlikely for all users.[60]

References

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  56. http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=3060884 Psychiatric side effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine, Pharmacopsychiatry 1988 Jul; 21(4):171-81
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  60. Template:Cite paper

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