Prostatitis classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D., Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Prostatitis has been classified by International Prostatitis Collaboration Network, into 5 subtypes. This classification is done on the basis of timing of the symptoms and the presence of bacterial pathogens and other markers of infection and inflammation. The categories include acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, non-inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.[1][2]
Classification
Prostatitis has been classified by International Prostatitis Collaboration Network, into 5 subtypes. This classification is done on the basis of timing of the symptoms and the presence of bacterial pathogens and other markers of infection and inflammation. The categories include:[1]
| Prostatitis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acute bacterial prostatitis | Chronic bacterial prostatitis | Inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome | Non-inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome | Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Acute bacterial prostatitis: Acute symptoms with evidence of bacterial infection.[3]
- Emphysematous prostatitis: This is characterised by presence of air in the prostate. It is found in diabetic or immunocompromised individuals and Klebsiella is the most common cause.[4][5]
- Chronic bacterial prostatitis: Chronic symptoms with evidence of bacterial infection.[6]
- Inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Chronic symptoms with inflammation but without any evidence of bacterial infection.[7]
- Non Granulomatous prostatitis: All forms of prostatitis without the presence of granulomatosis are included in this category.
- Granulomatous prostatitis: This type of prostatitis can result from a systemic granulomatous disease or malakoplakia or intravesical BCG for transitional cell bladder carcinoma. It has high PSA levels and may be confused initially with prostatic cancer.[8][9][10]
- IgG4 related prostatitis: It is the inflammation of the prostate in a person with IgG4 related disease.[11]
- Non-inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Chronic symptoms with neither inflammation nor evidence of bacterial infection.[12]
- Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis: No symptoms with evidence of inflammation (incidental finding).[13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC (1999). "NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis". JAMA. 282 (3): 236–7. PMID 10422990.
- ↑ Yorio Naide, Kiyohito Ishikawa, Toshiyuki Tanaka, Shin Ando, Keizo Suzuki & Kiyotaka Hoshinaga (2006). "A proposal of subcategorization of bacterial prostatitis: NIH category I and II diseases can be further subcategorized on analysis by therapeutic and immunological procedures". International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 13 (7): 939–946. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01444.x. PMID 16882059. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Gabriel Stoica, Gerard Cariou, Alexandre Colau, Ariane Cortesse, Patrice Hoffmann, Antoine Schaetz & Raphael Sellam (2007). "[Epidemiology and treatment of acute prostatitis after prostatic biopsy]". Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie. 17 (5): 960–963. PMID 17969797. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Hsun-Shuan Wang & Ming-Chen Shih (2016). "IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Emphysematous Prostatitis". The New England journal of medicine. 375 (9): 879. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1507124. PMID 27579638. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Daniel A. Thorner, John P. Sfakianos, Fernando Cabrera, Erich K. Lang & Ivan Colon (2010). "Emphysematous prostatitis in a diabetic patient". The Journal of urology. 183 (5): 2025. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.01.084. PMID 20303525. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ James D. Holt, W. Allan Garrett, Tyler K. McCurry & Joel M. H. Teichman (2016). "Common Questions About Chronic Prostatitis". American family physician. 93 (4): 290–296. PMID 26926816. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Anthony J. Schaeffer, Nand S. Datta, Jackson E. Jr Fowler, John N. Krieger, Mark S. Litwin, Robert B. Nadler, J. Curtis Nickel, Michel A. Pontari, Daniel A. Shoskes, Scott I. Zeitlin & Carol Hart (2002). "Overview summary statement. Diagnosis and management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)". Urology. 60 (6 Suppl): 1–4. PMID 12521576. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Waldemar Bialek, Slawomir Rudzki, Pawel Iberszer & Lech Wronecki (2016). "Granulomatous prostatitis after intravesical immunotherapy mimicking prostate cancer". Journal of ultrasonography. 16 (67): 404–410. doi:10.15557/JoU.2016.0040. PMID 28138411. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Octavio Castillo Cadiz, Lorena Villasenin Parrado, Vincenzo Borgna Christie, Ivan Gallegos Mendez & Virginia Martinez Corta (2016). "Late-onset granulomatous prostatitis following intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy: case report". Medwave. 16 (5): e6473. PMID 27391977. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Su-Min Lee, Jay Joshi, Konrad Wolfe, Peter Acher & Sidath H. Liyanage (2016). "Radiologic presentation of chronic granulomatous prostatitis mimicking locally advanced prostate adenocarcinoma". Radiology case reports. 11 (2): 78–82. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2016.02.009. PMID 27257455. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kais Kasem, Kris Kerr, Peter Campbell & Daman Langguth (2016). "IgG4-related prostatitis clinically mimicking prostatic carcinoma: A case report". Pathology. 48 Suppl 1: S71. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.185. PMID 27773113. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Pasquale Urbano & Francesco Urbano (2007). "Nanobacteria: facts or fancies?". PLoS pathogens. 3 (5): e55. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030055. PMID 17530922. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ J. Quentin Clemens, Richard T. Meenan, Maureen C. O'Keeffe Rosetti, Sara Y. Gao & Elizabeth A. Calhoun (2005). "Incidence and clinical characteristics of National Institutes of Health type III prostatitis in the community". The Journal of urology. 174 (6): 2319–2322. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000182152.28519.e7. PMID 16280832. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)