Primary central nervous system lymphoma (patient information)

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Primary central nervous system lymphoma

Overview

What are the symptoms?

What are the causes?

Who is at highest risk?

When to seek urgent medical care?

Diagnosis

Treatment options

Prevention

Where to find medical care for Primary central nervous system lymphoma?

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Possible complications

Prevention

Primary central nervous system lymphoma On the Web

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Brain is a part of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the center of thought, feeling, memory, speech, vision, hearing, movement, and so on. Brain tumors include any tumor which starts in the brain. The cause of brain tumors is unknown. On one hand, the tumors can directly destroy brain cells. On the other hand, they can also indirectly damage cells by producing inflammation, compressing other parts of the brain and increasing pressure within the skull. Usual symptoms include epileptic seizures, numbness of part of the body, abnormal movements and an abnormal positioning of the body, fever, headache, etc. Treatments involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and a combination.

What are the symptoms of Primary central nervous system lymphoma?

Early brain tumor does not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:

Epileptic seizures Decreased sensation of a body area Dysfunctional movement or uncontrollable movement Speech difficulties Double vision or decreased vision Hearing loss Personality and behavior changes Emotional instability Hiccups Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible

What causes Primary central nervous system lymphoma?

Clinical data has suggested that the development of brain tumor is related to several factors.

Radiation exposure Family history Immune system disorders Cell phone use: There has been a great deal of debate in recent years.

Who is at highest risk?

Clinical data has suggested that the development of brain tumor is related to several factors.

Radiation exposure Family history Immune system disorders Cell phone use: There has been a great deal of debate in recent years.

When to seek urgent medical care?

Call your health care provider if symptoms of brain tumor develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:

New, or suddenly develop stupor New, or suddenly develop vision changes New, or suddenly develop speech changes Consciousness disorders

Diagnosis

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biopsy: It is the most valuable test to detect the abnormal in brain. A head MRI uses magnetic fields but it is a different type of image than what is produced by computed tomography (CT) and produces detailed images of the body. Like computed tomography (CT), a contrast agent may be injected into a patient’s vein to create a better picture.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy: Head CT scans are often used to diagnose brain tumor. It can confirm the location of the cancer and show the surroundings nearby, as well as lymph nodes and distant organs where the cancer might have spread. These are helpful for determining the stage of the cancer and in determining whether surgery is a good treatment option. CT scans can also be used to guide biopsy and a biopsy sample is usually removed and looked at under a microscope.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: When doing this test, a small amount of a radioactive medium is injected into your body and absorbed by the organs or tissues. This radioactive substance gives off energy which in turn is used to produce the images. PET can provide more helpful information than either CT or MRI scans. It is useful to see if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and it is also useful for your doctor to locate where the cancer has spread.
  • Chest X-ray: This plain x-ray of your chest may be done to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs.
  • Whole bone scan: The goal of a whole body bone scan is to show if a cancer has metastasized to your bones.

Treatment options

Patients with brain tumor have many treatment options. The selection depends on the stage of the tumor. The options are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these methods. While making choice regarding the modality of treatment, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Side effects may not be the same for each person, and they may change from one treatment session to the next.

Surgery: If your stage and general health permitted, the neurosurgeon recommends to remove as much of the tumor as safe without affecting normal brain function. Radiation therapy: This is a treatment to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing by using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation. Chemotherapy: The treatment is to use drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Usual used drugs include carboplatin, carmustine, cisplatin and etoposide. Targeted therapy: This treatment is to use targeted drugs, such as bevacizumab, to aim at the gene changes in cells that cause cancer.

Where to find medical care for Primary central nervous system lymphoma?

Directions to Hospitals Treating Primary central nervous system lymphoma

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

The prognosis of brain tumor depends on the following:

Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery The location of the tumor The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the brain Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred The patient’s general health

Possible complications

  • Brain herniation (often fatal)
    • Uncal herniation
    • Foramen magnum herniation
  • Loss of ability to interact or function
  • Permanent, worsening, and severe loss of brain function
  • Return of tumor growth
  • Side effects of medications, including chemotherapy
  • Side effects of radiation treatments

Sources

References


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