Potassium iodide: Difference between revisions

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{{Chembox new
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|   Name = Potassium iodide
|genericName=generic name
|   ImageFile = Potassium iodide.jpg
|aOrAn=a
|   ImageFile1 = Potassium-iodide-3D-ionic.png
|drugClass=Adrenergic receptor agonist
|   IUPACName = Potassium iodide
|indication=a list of indications, separated by commas.
|   OtherNames = Kalium iodide,<br />knollide, potide
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|adverseReactions=a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas.
|   CASNo = 7681-11-0
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|   RTECS = TT2975000
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
  }}
|fdaLIADAdult======Condition 1=====
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
 
|   Formula = KI
* Dosing Information
|  MolarMass = 166.00 g/mol
 
|   Appearance = white crystalline solid
:* (Dosage)
|   Density = 3.13 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, solid
 
|   Solubility = 128 g/100 ml (6 °C)
=====Condition 2=====
|   MeltingPt = 681 °C (954 K)
 
|   BoilingPt = 1330 °C (1603 K)
* Dosing Information
|   pKa =  
 
  }}
:* (Dosage)
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
|   Coordination =  
 
|   CrystalStruct =  
* Developed by: (Organisation)
|   Dipole =
 
  }}
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
 
|   ExternalMSDS = [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/p5906.htm External MSDS]
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
|   MainHazards = Slightly hazardous
 
|   NFPA-H = 1
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
|   NFPA-F =
 
|   NFPA-R =
:* (Dosage)
|   RPhrases = {{R36}}, {{R38}}, {{R42}}-{{R43}}, {{R61}}
 
|   SPhrases = {{S26}}, {{S36}}-{{S37}}, {{S39}}, {{S45}}
=====Condition 2=====
  }}
 
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
* Developed by: (Organisation)
|  OtherAnions = [[potassium bromide]]<br />[[potassium chloride]]
 
|  OtherCations = [[lithium iodide]]<br />[[sodium iodide]]<br />[[rubidium iodide]]<br />[[caesium iodide]]
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
  }}
 
}}
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
{{CMG}}
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
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:* (Dosage)
|fdaLIADPed======Condition 1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
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* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
 
* Developed by: (Organisation)
 
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
 
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
* Developed by: (Organisation)
 
* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
 
* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
 
* Dosing Information/Recommendation
 
:* (Dosage)
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
 
=====Condition 3=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* (Dosage)
|contraindications=* Condition 1
* Condition 2
* Condition 3
* Condition 4
* Condition 5
|warnings======Conidition 1=====
 
(Description)
 
|clinicalTrials=======Central Nervous System======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Cardiovascular======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Respiratory======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Gastrointestinal======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Hypersensitive Reactions======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Miscellaneous======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
======Central Nervous System======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Cardiovascular======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Respiratory======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Gastrointestinal======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Hypersensitive Reactions======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
 
======Miscellaneous======
 
: (list/description of adverse reactions)
|postmarketing=(Description)
|drugInteractions=* Drug 1
* Drug 2
* Drug 3
* Drug 4
* Drug 5
 
=====Drug 1=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 2=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 3=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 4=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 5=====
 
(Description)
|useInPregnancyFDA=(Description)
|useInPregnancyAUS=(Description)
|useInLaborDelivery=(Description)
|useInNursing=(Description)
|useInPed=(Description)
|useInGeri=(Description)
|useInGender=(Description)
|useInRace=(Description)
|useInRenalImpair=(Description)
|useInHepaticImpair=(Description)
|useInReproPotential=(Description)
|useInImmunocomp=(Description)
|othersTitle=Others
|useInOthers=(Description)
 
|administration=(Oral/Intravenous/etc)
|monitoring======Condition 1=====
 
(Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
(Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
 
=====Condition 3=====
 
(Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
|IVCompat====Solution===
 
====Compatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Not Tested====
 
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* Solution 3
 
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====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
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===Admixture===
 
====Compatible====
 
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* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
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* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
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* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
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===Syringe===
 
====Compatible====
 
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====Not Tested====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
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====Variable====
 
* Solution 1
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====Incompatible====


{{EH}}
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3


'''Potassium iodide''' is a white [[crystal]]line [[salt]] with [[chemical formula]], used in photography and radiation treatment.  It finds widespread application as an iodide source because it is less [[hygroscopic]] than [[sodium iodide]], making it easier to work with.  KI can turn yellow upon heating in air or upon standing in moist air for long periods, because of [[oxidation]] of the [[iodide]] to [[iodine]].
===TPN/TNA===


== Chemical properties ==
====Compatible====
'''Potassium iodide''' behaves as a simple [[ion]]ic [[salt]], K<sup>+</sup>I<sup>−</sup>.  Since the [[iodide]] ion is a mild [[Redox|reducing agent]], I<sup>−</sup> is easily oxidised to [[iodine|I<sub>2</sub>]] by powerful [[redox|oxidising agents]] such as [[chlorine]]:


:2 KI([[aqueous|aq]])  +  [[Chlorine|Cl<sub>2</sub>]](aq)  →  2 [[Potassium chloride|KCl]]  +  [[Iodine|I<sub>2</sub>]](aq)
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3


Even air will oxidize iodide as evidenced by the observation of a purple extract when KI is rinsed with [[dichloromethane]].  Under acidic conditions, KI is oxidised even more easily, due to the formation of [[hydroiodic acid]] (HI), which is a powerful reducing agent.<ref>N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, ''Chemistry of the Elements'', Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1984</ref><ref>''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990</ref><ref>''The Merck Index'', 7th edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey, 1960</ref><ref>H. Nechamkin, ''The Chemistry of the Elements'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968</ref>
====Not Tested====


KI forms [[triiodide|I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>]] when combined with elemental [[iodine]].
* Solution 1
:KI(aq)  +  [[Iodine|I<sub>2</sub>]]([[solid|s]])  →  KI<sub>3</sub>(aq)
* Solution 2
Unlike I<sub>2</sub>, I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> salts can be highly water-soluble.  <!--the following statement is untrue or at least imprecise and confusing, because I2 no longer exists in the presence of I−: "this reaction is frequently used to render I<sub>2</sub> more soluble in water"-->  I<sub>2</sub> and  I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> have virtually identical redox potentials (0.535 and 0.536 V vs NHE, respectively), i.e. they are both mild oxidants relative to H<sub>2</sub>.  Therefore, this reaction allows the [[iodine]] to be used in aqueous solutions for [[redox]] [[titration]]s.
* Solution 3


Potassium iodide also serves in some organic reactions as a source of iodide ion (see "uses" below).
====Variable====


== Physical Properties ==
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3


It occurs as odourless, colourless, transparent or somewhat opaque crystals or white granular powder. It is slightly hygroscopic, the taste is saline and slightly bitter.
====Incompatible====
On long exposure to air, it becomes yellow due to the liberation of iodine and small quantities of iodate may be formed.


== Uses ==
* Solution 1
Potassium iodide is used in photography, in the preparation of [[silver(I) iodide]] for  high speed [[photographic film]]:
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
|overdose====Acute Overdose===


:KI([[aqueous|aq]])  +  [[Silver nitrate|AgNO<sub>3</sub>]]([[aqueous|aq]])  →  [[Silver iodide|AgI]]([[solid|s]])  +  [[Potassium nitrate|KNO<sub>3</sub>]]([[aqueous|aq]])
====Signs and Symptoms====


Potassium iodide is also added to [[sodium chloride|table salt]] in small quantities to make it "iodized". In a saturated solution, it is also used as an [[expectorant]] to treat lung congestion.
(Description)


KI is often used as a source of [[iodide]] ion in [[organic synthesis]].  A useful application is in the preparation of aryl iodides from arenediazonium salts.<ref>L. G. Wade, ''Organic Chemistry'', 5th ed., pp. 871-2, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RIver, New Jersey, 2003</ref><ref>J. March, ''Advanced Organic Chemistry'', 4th ed., pp. 670-1, Wiley, New York, 1992</ref> For example:
====Management====


[[Image:KI Sandmeyer.png|400px]]
(Description)


Saturated solution of potassium iodide is also used as treatment for  [[sporotrichosis]], a fungal infection.
===Chronic Overdose===


In medical use, it can also serve as an antiseptic for people suffering from sore throat. The dose is 0.5 g-1.0 g in 100 mL, with the accompany of iodine (0.5 g-1.0 g in 100 mL).
====Signs and Symptoms====


KI is also used as a [[fluorescence quenching]] agent in biomedical research because of collisional quenching by its iodide ion.
(Description)


In aqueous solution with elemental iodine, it acts as a gold etchant and will attack and dissolve gold surfaces.
====Management====


==Radiation protection==
(Description)
Potassium iodide was also FDA approved in 1982 to protect the [[thyroid]] from [[radioiodine|radioactive iodine]]. In the event of an accident or attack at a nuclear power plant, or fallout from a nuclear bomb, several volatile fission product radionuclides may be released. [[Iodine-131|<sup>131</sup>I]] is a common fission by-product and is particularly dangerous as the body concentrates it only in the thyroid gland which may lead to thyroid cancer. By saturating the body with a source of stable iodine prior to exposure, any radioactive <sup>131</sup>I inhaled or ingested becomes the excess in the blood system and is excreted through the kidneys. Potassium iodide cannot protect against any other causes of [[radiation poisoning]], however, nor can it provide any degree of protection against a dirty bomb unless the bomb happens to contain a significant amount of [[iodine-131|radioactive iodine]]. In case of a [[Nuclear fallout|nuclear emergency]], ''[[iodine]]'' used for the cleaning of wounds should '''not''' be ingested, as it is [[poisonous]]. Only 3 brands of potassium iodide have been tested and approved for use by the [[FDA]]  as a thyroid blocking agent during exposure to radioactive iodine (Iosat, ThyroShield and Thyro-safe) and hence [[potassium iodate]] is not approved in the U.S. for this purpose.
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
| verifiedrevid =  
| IUPAC_name =  
| image =  
| drug_name =


{| class="wikitable"
<!--Clinical data-->
|+ Recommended Dosage for Radiological Emergencies involving radioactive iodine<ref>''Guidelines for Iodine Prophylaxis following Nuclear Accidents'', [[World Health Organization]], Update 1999</ref>
| tradename =
! Age
| MedlinePlus =
! KI in mg
| licence_US =
!  
| pregnancy_AU =
|-
| pregnancy_US =
| Over 12 years old
| legal_status =
| 130
| routes_of_administration =
|
|-
| 3 - 12 years old
| 65
|
|-
| 1 - 36 months old
| 32
|  
|-
| < 1 month old
| 16
|  
|}


See [[fission products]] and the external links for more details.
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life =
| excretion =


== Precautions ==
<!--Identifiers-->
Mild irritant, wear gloves. Chronic overexposure can have adverse effects on the thyroid.
| CAS_number_Ref =
| CAS_number =
| ATC_prefix =
| ATC_suffix =
| PubChem =
| IUPHAR_ligand =
| DrugBank_Ref =  
| DrugBank =  
| ChemSpiderID_Ref =  
| ChemSpiderID =  
| UNII_Ref =
| UNII =
| KEGG_Ref =
| KEGG =
| ChEBI_Ref =
| ChEBI =
| ChEMBL_Ref =
| ChEMBL =


== References ==
<!--Chemical data-->
{{reflist|2}}
| C= | H= | N= | O=
| molecular_weight =
| smiles =
| InChI =  
| InChIKey =  
| StdInChI_Ref =  
| StdInChI =  
| StdInChIKey_Ref =
| StdInChIKey =
| melting_point =
}}
|mechAction=(Description)
|structure=(Description with picture)
|PD=(Description)
|PK=(Description)
|nonClinToxic=(Description)
|clinicalStudies======Condition 1=====


==External links==
(Description)
* {{ATC|R05|CA02}}
* [http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/en/Iodine_Prophylaxis_guide.pdf World Health Organization's guidelines for iodine prophylaxis following a nuclear accident]


{{Antidotes}}
=====Condition 2=====


[[Category:Potassium compounds]]
(Description)
[[Category:Metal halides]]
[[Category:Iodides]]
[[Category:Disaster preparedness]]
[[Category:Radiobiology]]
[[Category:Photographic chemicals]]
[[Category:Food additives]]
[[Category:Expectorants]]


[[bg:Калиев йодид]]
=====Condition 3=====
[[de:Kaliumiodid]]
[[es:Yoduro de potasio]]
[[it:Ioduro di potassio]]
[[lv:Kālija jodīds]]
[[hu:Kálium-jodid]]
[[nl:Kaliumjodide]]
[[ja:ヨウ化カリウム]]
[[nn:Kaliumjodid]]
[[pl:Jodek potasu]]
[[pt:Iodeto de potássio]]
[[ru:Иодид калия]]
[[sr:Калијум јодид]]
[[sv:Kaliumjodid]]
[[zh:碘化钾]]


{{WH}}
(Description)
{{WS}}
|howSupplied=(Description)
|fdaPatientInfo=(Patient Counseling Information)
|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
|lookAlike=* (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
* (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
* (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)
|drugShortage=Drug Shortage
}}

Revision as of 16:45, 19 December 2014

Potassium iodide
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];

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Black Box Warning

Warning Title
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Condition Name: (Content)

Overview

Potassium iodide is a Adrenergic receptor agonist that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of a list of indications, separated by commas.. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas..

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Condition 1
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)
Condition 2
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

Condition 1
  • Developed by: (Organisation)
  • Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
  • Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
  • Dosing Information/Recommendation
  • (Dosage)
Condition 2
  • Developed by: (Organisation)
  • Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
  • Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
  • Dosing Information/Recommendation
  • (Dosage)

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Condition 1
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)
Condition 2
  • Dosing Information
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Condition 3
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Condition 1
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)
Condition 2
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

Condition 1
  • Developed by: (Organisation)
  • Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
  • Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
  • Dosing Information/Recommendation
  • (Dosage)
Condition 2
  • Developed by: (Organisation)
  • Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
  • Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
  • Dosing Information/Recommendation
  • (Dosage)

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Condition 1
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)
Condition 2
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)
Condition 3
  • Dosing Information
  • (Dosage)

Contraindications

  • Condition 1
  • Condition 2
  • Condition 3
  • Condition 4
  • Condition 5

Warnings

Warning Title
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Condition Name: (Content)
Conidition 1

(Description)

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Central Nervous System
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Cardiovascular
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Respiratory
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Gastrointestinal
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Hypersensitive Reactions
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Miscellaneous
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Condition 2
Central Nervous System
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Cardiovascular
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Respiratory
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Gastrointestinal
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Hypersensitive Reactions
(list/description of adverse reactions)
Miscellaneous
(list/description of adverse reactions)

Postmarketing Experience

(Description)

Drug Interactions

  • Drug 1
  • Drug 2
  • Drug 3
  • Drug 4
  • Drug 5
Drug 1

(Description)

Drug 2

(Description)

Drug 3

(Description)

Drug 4

(Description)

Drug 5

(Description)

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): (Description)
Pregnancy Category (AUS): (Description)

Labor and Delivery

(Description)

Nursing Mothers

(Description)

Pediatric Use

(Description)

Geriatic Use

(Description)

Gender

(Description)

Race

(Description)

Renal Impairment

(Description)

Hepatic Impairment

(Description)

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

(Description)

Immunocompromised Patients

(Description)

Others

(Description)

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

(Oral/Intravenous/etc)

Monitoring

Condition 1

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

Condition 2

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

Condition 3

(Description regarding monitoring, from Warnings section)

IV Compatibility

Solution

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Y-Site

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
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Admixture

Compatible

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Not Tested

  • Solution 1
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  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
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Incompatible

  • Solution 1
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Syringe

Compatible

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Not Tested

  • Solution 1
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Variable

  • Solution 1
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Incompatible

  • Solution 1
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  • Solution 3

TPN/TNA

Compatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Not Tested

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Variable

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Incompatible

  • Solution 1
  • Solution 2
  • Solution 3

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

(Description)

Management

(Description)

Chronic Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

(Description)

Management

(Description)

Pharmacology

Potassium iodide
Systematic (IUPAC) name
?
Identifiers
CAS number ?
ATC code ?
PubChem ?
Chemical data
Formula ?
Mol. mass ?
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism ?
Half life ?
Excretion ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?

Legal status
Routes ?

Mechanism of Action

(Description)

Structure

(Description with picture)

Pharmacodynamics

(Description)

Pharmacokinetics

(Description)

Nonclinical Toxicology

(Description)

Clinical Studies

Condition 1

(Description)

Condition 2

(Description)

Condition 3

(Description)

How Supplied

(Description)

Storage

There is limited information regarding Potassium iodide Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Potassium iodide |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Potassium iodide |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

(Patient Counseling Information)

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Potassium iodide interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Potassium iodide Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

  • (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
  • (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
  • (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)

Drug Shortage Status

Drug Shortage

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

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