Postpericardiotomy syndrome: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 105: Line 105:
===MRI===
===MRI===


*[[Cardiac MRI]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[Postperfusion syndrome|postpericardiotomy syn]]. Findings on [[MRI scan|MRI]] suggestive of [[pericardial effusion]] is [[Pericardiacophrenic veins|pericardial thickening]].<ref name="pmid27761786">{{cite journal| author=Tamarappoo BK, Klein AL| title=Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome. | journal=Curr Cardiol Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 18 | issue= 11 | pages= 116 | pmid=27761786 | doi=10.1007/s11886-016-0791-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27761786  }} </ref>
* [[Cardiac MRI]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[Postperfusion syndrome|postpericardiotomy syn]]. Findings on [[MRI scan|MRI]] suggestive of [[pericardial effusion]] is [[Pericardiacophrenic veins|pericardial thickening]].<ref name="pmid27761786">{{cite journal| author=Tamarappoo BK, Klein AL| title=Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome. | journal=Curr Cardiol Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 18 | issue= 11 | pages= 116 | pmid=27761786 | doi=10.1007/s11886-016-0791-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27761786  }} </ref>


===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
Line 118: Line 118:
*The mainstay of treatment for is [[Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent|nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs]],such as [[Aspirin]] and [[Ibuprofen]].
*The mainstay of treatment for is [[Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent|nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs]],such as [[Aspirin]] and [[Ibuprofen]].


*[[Pharmacological|Pharmacologic medical therapies]] for [[Postperfusion syndrome|postpericardiotomy sydrome]] include [[NSAIDS|NSAIDs,colchicine and golococorticoid]].<ref name="pmid26320112">{{cite journal| author=Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Barón-Esquivias G, Bogaert J et al.| title=2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2015 | volume= 36 | issue= 42 | pages= 2921-2964 | pmid=26320112 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26320112  }} </ref>
*[[Pharmacological|Pharmacologic medical therapies]] for [[Postperfusion syndrome|postpericardiotomy sydrome]] include [[NSAIDS|NSAIDs, colchicine and golococorticoid]].<ref name="pmid26320112">{{cite journal| author=Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Barón-Esquivias G, Bogaert J et al.| title=2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2015 | volume= 36 | issue= 42 | pages= 2921-2964 | pmid=26320112 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26320112  }} </ref>


===Surgery===
===Surgery===
*[[S-(+)-methamphetamine|Surgical intervention]] is not recommended for the management of [[Pocket Dialing|postpericardiotomy syndrome.]]
* [[S-(+)-methamphetamine|Surgical intervention]] is not recommended for the management of [[Pocket Dialing|postpericardiotomy syndrome.]]
*In 2016, there was a case report  who was treated by [[I-SMAD|IPC(indwelling pleural catheter)]] because of recurrent [[Ca|pleural effusion]] due to [[Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion|pps]].<ref name="pmid26905442">{{cite journal| author=Bujarski S, Guy E| title=Use of Indwelling Pleural Catheter for Recurrent Pleural Effusion Due to Postpericardiotomy Syndrome: A Case Report. | journal=J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol | year= 2016 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 160-2 | pmid=26905442 | doi=10.1097/LBR.0000000000000196 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26905442  }} </ref>
* In 2016, there was a case report  who was treated by [[I-SMAD|IPC(indwelling pleural catheter)]] because of recurrent [[Ca|pleural effusion]] due to [[Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion|pps]].<ref name="pmid26905442">{{cite journal| author=Bujarski S, Guy E| title=Use of Indwelling Pleural Catheter for Recurrent Pleural Effusion Due to Postpericardiotomy Syndrome: A Case Report. | journal=J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol | year= 2016 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 160-2 | pmid=26905442 | doi=10.1097/LBR.0000000000000196 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26905442  }} </ref>


===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
 
* Effective measures for the primary prevention of [[Postperfusion syndrome|postpericardiotomy syndrome]] is prophylactic administration of [[Colchicine toxicity|colchicine]].<ref name="pmid20805112">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, Rovere ME, Gandino A, Cemin R et al.| title=COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 22 | pages= 2749-54 | pmid=20805112 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20805112  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=21320925 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 15;154(4):JC2-10] </ref>
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [[Postperfusion syndrome|postpericardiotomy syndrome]] is prophylactic administration of [[Colchicine toxicity|colchicine.]]<ref name="pmid20805112">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, Rovere ME, Gandino A, Cemin R et al.| title=COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 22 | pages= 2749-54 | pmid=20805112 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20805112  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=21320925 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 15;154(4):JC2-10] </ref>
* [[Colchicine]] will be given to patients pre or post cardiac surgery.<ref name="pmid20805112">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, Rovere ME, Gandino A, Cemin R et al.| title=COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 22 | pages= 2749-54 | pmid=20805112 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20805112  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=21320925 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 15;154(4):JC2-10] </ref>
*[[Colchicine]] will be given to patients pre or post cardiac surgery.<ref name="pmid20805112">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, Rovere ME, Gandino A, Cemin R et al.| title=COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 22 | pages= 2749-54 | pmid=20805112 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20805112  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=21320925 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 15;154(4):JC2-10] </ref>


===Secondary Prevention===
===Secondary Prevention===
Line 159: Line 158:


==Sources==
==Sources==
*The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction <ref name="pmid15339869">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK |title=ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction) |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=e82–292 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15339869 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15339869}}</ref>
* The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction <ref name="pmid15339869">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK |title=ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction) |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=e82–292 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15339869 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15339869}}</ref>


*The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction <ref name="pmid18071078">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, ''et al'' |title=2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee |journal=Circulation |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=296–329 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18071078 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209 |url=}}</ref>
* The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction <ref name="pmid18071078">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, ''et al'' |title=2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee |journal=Circulation |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=296–329 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18071078 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:29, 7 February 2020

WikiDoc Resources for Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Articles

Most recent articles on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Most cited articles on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Review articles on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Articles on Postpericardiotomy syndrome in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Images of Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Photos of Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Podcasts & MP3s on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Videos on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Bandolier on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

TRIP on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Postpericardiotomy syndrome at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Clinical Trials on Postpericardiotomy syndrome at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

NICE Guidance on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

CDC on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Books

Books on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

News

Postpericardiotomy syndrome in the news

Be alerted to news on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

News trends on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Commentary

Blogs on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Definitions

Definitions of Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Discussion groups on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Patient Handouts on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Directions to Hospitals Treating Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Risk calculators and risk factors for Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Causes & Risk Factors for Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Diagnostic studies for Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Treatment of Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

International

Postpericardiotomy syndrome en Espanol

Postpericardiotomy syndrome en Francais

Business

Postpericardiotomy syndrome in the Marketplace

Patents on Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Postpericardiotomy syndrome

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Niloofarsadaat Eshaghhosseiny, MD[2]

Synonyms and keywords:Postcommissurotomy syndrome; PCS; PPS; Dressler syn; Post cardiac injury syndrome; Post heart injury syndrome; Post pericardial injury syndrome

Overview

The postpericardiotomy syndrome is inflammation of the pericardium following cardiac surgery. Symptoms can occur from days to weeks after the operation. The syndrome is thought to have an autoimmune basis. Postcardiac injury was first discovered by soloff, in 1953. Later Itoh in 1958 ,was first discovered same syndrome and labelled it postpericardiotomy syndrome. In 1956, Dressler described PMIS , and therefore referred to as Dressler syndrome. It has been postulated that the syndrome is an autoimmune response to pericardial and/or pleural bleeding or surgical trauma. Persistance of Various viral agents,such as coxsackie B, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus ,suggesting autoimmune response associated with a viral infection. It is thought that postpericardiotomy syndrome is mediated by development of antibodies againts heart. The progression to postpericardiotomy syndrome usually secondary to cell-mediated immunity.

Historical Perspective

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of postpericardiotomy syndrome.

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Postpericardiotomy Syndrome from other Conditions

Postpericardiotomy syndrome should be distinguished from Dressler's syndrome which is an autoimmune process that occurs 2-10 weeks following ST elevation MI [14]. It should also be differentiated from the much more common post myocardial infarction pericarditis that occurs between days 2 and 4 after myocardial infarction. Postpericardiotomy syndrome should also be differentiated from pulmonary embolism, another cause of pleuritic chest pain in people who have been hospitalized and/or undergone surgical procedures within the preceding weeks.

Epidemiology and Demographics

It is estimated that anywhere from 2% to 30% of patients who undergo heart surgery who have had their pericardium opened will develop postpericardiotomy syndrome.

Age

The risk of postpericardiotomy syndrome increases with age.

  • Infants: Uncommon
  • Children: Not uncommon
  • Adults: Common, occurs in 30% of patients following surgery in which the pericardium is opened

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications, Prognosis

Natural History

The onset of symptoms is 1 to 6 weeks after cardiac surgery. In general the disease is self-limited and the symptoms and signs are mild and resolve in 2 to 3 weeks.

Complications

Prognosis

  • Prognosis is generally good.[15]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of postpericardiotomy syndrome is made when at least two of the following five diagnostic criteria are met: New or worsening pleural effusion, new or worsening pericardial effusion, fever, pleural chestpain, pleural or pericardial rubbing.[16]

History and Symptoms

Common symptoms of postpericardiotomy syndrome include fever, chest pain, dyspenea. Less symptoms of postpericardiotomy syndrome are malaise, decrease appetite, arthralgia.[16]

Physical Examination

Vital signs

Tachycardia may be present Hypoxemia may be present.

Cardiac

Pericardial friction rub is often present, an enlarged heart may be present.

Lungs

Signs of a pleural effusion may be present

Abdominal Exam

Hepatomegaly may be present

Extremities

Pedal edema may be present if pericardial constriction or a pericardial effusion is present

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with postpericardiotomy syndrome.

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with postpericardiotomy syndrome.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome.

ACC/AHA Treatment Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)[24]

Class I

1. Aspirin is recommended for treatment of pericarditis after STEMI. Doses as high as 650 mg orally (entericcoated) every 4 to 6 hours may be needed. (Level of Evidence: B)

2. Anticoagulation should be immediately discontinued if pericardial effusion develops or increases. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIa

1. For episodes of pericarditis after STEMI that are not adequately controlled with aspirin, it is reasonable to administer 1 or more of the following:

a. Colchicine 0.6 mg orally every 12 hours (Level of Evidence: B)
b. Acetaminophen 500 mg orally every 6 hours. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIb

1. Corticosteroids might be considered only as a last resort in patients with pericarditis refractory to aspirin or NSAIDs. Although corticosteroids are effective for pain relief, their use is associated with an increased risk of scar thinning and myocardial rupture. (Level of Evidence: C)

2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be considered for pain relief; however, they should not be used for extended periods because of their effect on platelet function, an increased risk of myocardial scar thinning, and infarct expansion. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

1. Ibuprofen should not be used for pain relief because it blocks the antiplatelet effect of aspirin and it can cause myocardial scar thinning and infarct expansion. (Level of Evidence: B)

Sources

  • The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [24]
  • The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [25]

References

  1. Andreev DA, Giliarov MIu, Syrkin AL, Udovichenko AE, Gerok DV (2008). "[Postcardiotomy syndrome outside a cardiosurgical clinic]". Klin Med (Mosk). 86 (10): 67–71. PMID 19069464.
  2. Hazelrigg SR, Mack MJ, Landreneau RJ, Acuff TE, Seifert PE, Auer JE (1993). "Thoracoscopic pericardiectomy for effusive pericardial disease". Ann Thorac Surg. 56 (3): 792–5. PMID 8379795.
  3. Mott AR, Fraser CD, Kusnoor AV, Giesecke NM, Reul GJ, Drescher KL; et al. (2001). "The effect of short-term prophylactic methylprednisolone on the incidence and severity of postpericardiotomy syndrome in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass". J Am Coll Cardiol. 37 (6): 1700–6. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01223-2. PMID 11345387.
  4. Gungor B, Ucer E, Erdinler IC. Uncommon presentation of postcardiac injury syndrome: Acute pericarditis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. Aug 14 2007
  5. Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Raskin S, Thomas AN. Unusual complications of epicardial pacemakers. Recurrent pericarditis, cardiac tamponade and pericardial constriction. Am J Cardiol. May 1980;45(5):1088-94.
  6. Vinit J, Sagnol P, Buttard P, Laurent G, Wolf JE, Dellinger A. Recurrent delayed pericarditis after pacemaker implantation: a post-pericardiotomy-like syndrome?. Rev Med Interne. Feb 2007;28(2):137-40.
  7. Zeltser I, Rhodes LA, Tanel RE, Vetter VL, Gaynor JW, Spray TL. Postpericardiotomy syndrome after permanent pacemaker implantation in children and young adults. Ann Thorac Surg. Nov 2004;78(5):1684-7.
  8. Sasaki A, Kobayashi H, Okubo T, Namatame Y, Yamashina A. Repeated postpericardiotomy syndrome following a temporary transvenous pacemaker insertion, a permanent transvenous pacemaker insertion and surgical pericardiotomy. Jpn Circ J. Apr 2001;65(4):343-4.
  9. Goutal H, Baur F, Bonnevie L, Monnier G, Le Blainvaux M, Brion R. Postpericardiotomy syndrome; a rare complication of transcavitary cardiac pacing: apropos of a case. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. Dec 1995;88(12):1901-3.
  10. Hargreaves M, Bashir Y. Postcardiotomy syndrome following transvenous pacemaker insertion. Eur Heart J. Jul 1994;15(7):1005-7.
  11. Goodkind MJ, Bloomer WE, Goodyer AV. Recurrent pericardial effusion after nonpenetrating chest trauma: report of two cases treated with adrenocortical steroids. N Engl J Med. Nov 3 1960;263:874-81.
  12. Tabatznik B, Isaacs JP. Postpericardiotomy syndrome following traumatic hemopericardium. Am J Cardiol. Jan 1961;7:83-96.
  13. Peter RH, Whalen RE, Orgain ES, McIntosh HD. Postpericardiotomy syndrome as a complication of percutaneous left ventricular puncture. Am J Cardiol. Jan 1966;17(1):86-90.
  14. Krainin F, Flessas A, Spodick D (1984). "Infarction-associated pericarditis. Rarity of diagnostic electrocardiogram". N Engl J Med. 311 (19): 1211–4. PMID 6493274.
  15. Imazio M, Hoit BD (2013). "Post-cardiac injury syndromes. An emerging cause of pericardial diseases". Int J Cardiol. 168 (2): 648–52. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.052. PMID 23040075.
  16. 16.0 16.1 van Osch D, Nathoe HM, Jacob KA, Doevendans PA, van Dijk D, Suyker WJ; et al. (2017). "Determinants of the postpericardiotomy syndrome: a systematic review". Eur J Clin Invest. 47 (6): 456–467. doi:10.1111/eci.12764. PMID 28425090.
  17. Bucekova E, Simkova I, Hulman M (2012). "Postpericardiotomy syndrome - post-cardiac injury syndrome". Bratisl Lek Listy. 113 (8): 481–5. doi:10.4149/bll_2012_106. PMID 22897372.
  18. 18.0 18.1 Tamarappoo BK, Klein AL (2016). "Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome". Curr Cardiol Rep. 18 (11): 116. doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0791-0. PMID 27761786.
  19. Ünal E, Karcaaltincaba M, Akpinar E, Ariyurek OM (2019). "The imaging appearances of various pericardial disorders". Insights Imaging. 10 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/s13244-019-0728-4. PMC 6441059. PMID 30927107.
  20. Çetin MS, Özcan Çetin EH, Özdemir M, Topaloğlu S, Aras D, Temizhan A; et al. (2017). "Effectiveness of computed tomography attenuation values in characterization of pericardial effusion". Anatol J Cardiol. 17 (4): 322–327. doi:10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2016.7353. PMC 5469113. PMID 28100899.
  21. Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Barón-Esquivias G, Bogaert J; et al. (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)". Eur Heart J. 36 (42): 2921–2964. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318. PMID 26320112.
  22. Bujarski S, Guy E (2016). "Use of Indwelling Pleural Catheter for Recurrent Pleural Effusion Due to Postpericardiotomy Syndrome: A Case Report". J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 23 (2): 160–2. doi:10.1097/LBR.0000000000000196. PMID 26905442.
  23. 23.0 23.1 Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, Rovere ME, Gandino A, Cemin R; et al. (2010). "COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Eur Heart J. 31 (22): 2749–54. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq319. PMID 20805112. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 15;154(4):JC2-10
  24. 24.0 24.1 Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK (2004). "ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction)". Circulation. 110 (9): e82–292. PMID 15339869. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW; et al. (2008). "2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee". Circulation. 117 (2): 296–329. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209. PMID 18071078. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


Template:WikiDoc Sources